DISCOVERY REPORTS Vol. I, pp. 257-540, plates XXV-XLIV Issued bji the Discovery Committee, Colonial Office, London on behalf of the Qovemment of the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES try N. A. Mackintosh, A.R.C.S., M.Sc, and J. F. G. Wheeler, M.Sc. with Appendices by A. J. Clowes, A.R.C.S., M.Sc. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1929 Price Thirty shillings net Cambridge University Press Fetter Lane, London New York Bombay^ Calcutta, Madras Toronto Macmillan Tokyo Maruzen Company, Ltd All rights reserved [Discovery Reports. Vol. I, pp. 257-540, Plates XXV-XLIV , November 1929.] 1/ SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES By N. A. MACKINTOSH, A.R.C.S., M.Sc, and J. F. G. WHEELER, M.Sc. With Two Appendices by A. J. CLOWES, A.R.C.S., M.Sc. 0= ^_ ffiS SI ~ rn = =0 5 1-0 r a i ° ■ f-i i o ! m a GOVERNMENT PROPERTY U. S. COAST GUARD CONTENTS Introduction Objects of the whaling invest gations page The southern whahng stations Methods of work . Material and data . External characters . Blue whales General remarks External proportions Colour .... Baleen .... Ventral grooves Hair .... Fin whales General remarks External proportions Colour .... Baleen .... Ventral grooves Hair. .... Food, blubber, and external para SITES Food .... Blubber .... External parasites . The reproductive organs The external genitalia The vaginal band . The ovaries The uterus . 259 261 263 269 271 272 275 3" 313 317 320 321 322 342 355 358 360 360 361 364 373 379 379 381 382 397 The reproductive organs {cont) The mammary glands . page 401 The testes 405 Breeding and growth Sources of information on Breeding 412 Sexual maturity .... 415 The breeding season . . . 420 The sexual cycle and growth of the calf 428 The ages of whales . . . 446 The stock of whales The constitution of whale populations 453 Conclusions regarding the whole stock 463 Summary 467 List of literature cited . . 470 Appendixes 1 . A Note on the Composition of Whale's Milk ... 472 2. A Note on the Oil Content of Blubber .... 476 3. Measurements of bodily proportions .... 479 1^°^^^ 537 Plates XXV-XLIV following page 540 T SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES By N. A. Mackintosh, A.R.C.S., M.Sc, and J. F. G. Wheeler, M.Sc. (Plates XXV— XLIV, text-figs. 1-157) INTRODUCTION OBJECTS OF THE WHALING INVESTIGATIONS HE section of the Discovery investigations which consisted in direct observations on the whales brought into the whaling stations, required less elaborate preparations than were needed for the equipment of the ships, and it was therefore possible to start this branch of the work at a somewhat earlier date. The Marine Biological Station in South Georgia was opened in January 1925, and from the following February the observations were continued at South Georgia, and for a time at South Africa, until April 1927, during which period a total of 1683 whales were examined. The present report is not to be regarded as final, for the investigations were reopened at South Georgia early in 1928, but in the meantime sufficient material has been gathered for a detailed examination of the results. There is still, of course, much to be done and the future prospects of the work are discussed towards the end of the report. The procedure which has been followed in the work at whaling stations is based on the recommendations made in the Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Research and Development in the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands (Cmd. 657, 1920). In this report the relation of the work on shore to the other investigations is explained, and a brief account is given of what was then known or conjectured of the distribution, migrations, breeding and other habits of the whales in question. In discussing the problems which have to be studied it is necessary to remember that the main object of the work is to find out as much about the effect which whaling is having or is likely to have on the stock of whales as it is possible to discover by observations on the carcasses of whales which are brought into the whaling stations. The lines of investigation which may be expected to supply information bearing on this question may be roughly classified under the following headings: (i) a thorough examination of the specific characters (i.e. external features, bodily proportions, etc.^) of the various species, and the extent to which individual variation may occur; (2) an investigation of the reproductive processes and breeding habits, and the reproductive potentiality of the whole stock of whales ; (3) the interrelations of breeding, migrations, feeding, etc. 1 Osteological specimens are, of course, to be included in the examination of specific characters, but although some whale skeletons have been collected they are not ready for examination and cannot be reported on for some time. 26o DISCOVERY REPORTS Work under the first of these headings provides a basis upon which it will ultimately be possible to make a specific comparison between the whales of diff'erent localities (using this word in its broadest sense), and thus to ascertain whether there are, asso- ciated with different localities, any specific or sub-specific differences. From informa- tion of this kind one may be able to judge the possibility of the replenishment of the stock of whales in one locality from another, and to estimate within what limits it is possible for migrations to take place. The North and South Atlantic, for instance, must be regarded as two different localities in which both Blue and Fin whales commonly occur. They are rarely seen in equatorial waters as a general rule, but, as Harmer (1928) has pointed out, both species are caught off the coast of Ecuador, which is so near the equator that it is difficult to say whether they actually belong to the northern or southern hemisphere, or both. At any rate, the possibility of these whales crossing from one hemisphere to the other has to be considered. If it can be shown that there is even a slight racial distinction between the whales of the two hemispheres such a possibility is ruled out. Similarly, the whales found in South African waters must be compared in respect of their specific characters with those of the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. Perhaps the most important part of the work is concerned with the breeding of whales. This includes a study not only of their breeding habits, but also of their growth and life history. Information is needed on the seasons and localities at which pairing and parturition take place, the nature of the oestrous cycle, the frequency of the recurrence of pregnancy, the lengths of the periods of gestation and lactation, the rate of growth and the intervals between the various stages and events in the sexual life. With a knowledge of these processes it is possible to say in what circumstances hunting is liable to do the most damage and to judge the general ability of the stock of whales to withstand or recuperate from the effects of hunting on a large scale. The study of breeding and growth is closely related to the problems of migration, distribution and feeding of the whales, many of which are, of course, beyond the scope of the work at whaling stations. It is here, however, that these direct observations on the whales may be made to supplement the work of the ships, which is concerned mainly with the whales' environment. The examination of the food in the stomachs of the whales, for example, is of value for comparison with the catches of plankton at sea, and by systematic measurements of the thickness of the blubber a check can be kept on the variations in the condition of the whales at different seasons. Important information is to be had from a study of the different classes of whales which go to make up the populations of different localities. There is evidence of a certain amount of segregation of these classes (i.e. whales of different sexes, ages and stages in the reproductive cycle) and it is necessary to study their local movements and times of arrival and departure in different localities. Since the breeding of whales is governed by a seasonal periodicity it is obviously desirable that observations should be made over the whole year, so that the whales can be studied at each stage in the reproductive cycle. The whaling season in the THE SO.UTHERN WHALING STATIONS 261 Dependencies lasts only through the southern summer, but at South Africa it is con- ducted only during the winter. By visiting a whaling station at Saldanha Bay in Cape Colony for one season we were able to fulfil the double purpose of examining the whales in a different locality and of carrying the observations over a whole year. On the South African coasts there are only two whaling centres of importance: at Saldanha Bay 60 miles north of Cape Town, and at Durban in Natal. A consider- able number of whales are taken annually in these places, but the African coast as a whaling centre is hardly comparable with the Dependencies. At South Georgia, apart from the South Shetlands and South Orkneys, nearly 6000 whales were killed in the 1924-5 season. The two stations at Saldanha Bay took less than 1600 whales in 1925, and at Durban 1285 whales were taken in the same year. The average size of the whales at South African stations is also much smaller than at South Georgia and the South Shetlands. It has already been explained that the work at South Georgia was conducted from the Marine Biological Station on King Edward's Point, at the whaling station of the Compana Argentina de Pesca. Four whale boats operate from this station and the season lasts from October to May, as is also the case with the other companies at South Georgia. At South Africa the work was continued at Messrs Irvin and Johnson's station at Donkergat, Saldanha Bay. Here nine whale catchers were working during the season we were there, and the fact that with twice as many boats fewer and smaller whales were taken at this station than at South Georgia indicates the comparative richness of the latter locality from the point of view of the whaling industry. We may take the opportunity here of acknowledging the courtesy we have received from the Norwegian community during the whole of our stay at South Georgia, particularly from Capt. V. Esbensen, the manager of the station at Grytviken, who has done much to facilitate our work. THE SOUTHERN WHALING STATIONS It is not within the scope of the present memoir to enter into an exhaustive description of the southern whaling industry, but a brief account of a southern whaling station and the routine of the whaler's operations will not be out of place. The whale boats operate from one of two types of base. Either there is a shore station which is built at the water's edge in some cove or well-sheltered part of the coast, or there is a floating factory or factory ship which may be anchored throughout the season in a similar situation, or may operate at a distance from land. The central part of a shore station is the flensing platform, a wooden structure on which the dismemberment of the whale's carcass takes place, and which slopes gently down to the water. This platform may measure up to about 50 yards square and is fitted with a number of steam winches by means of which the flensing process is carried out. Built round the platform are sheds which house the various boilers in which the a62 DISCOVERY REPORTS oil is extracted from the blubber, flesh, viscera and bones. Further back from the beach are a number of large tanks used for storing the oil. Various other buildings, such as living quarters, workshops, forges, store sheds, etc., bring the station up to the dimensions of a moderate-sized village. Altogether two or three hundred men are employed there. Near the flensing platform is constructed a wharf or jetty for the accommodation of the whale boats and transport steamer. The latter is usually an oil tanker of about 8000 tons register which brings coal and other stores out to South Georgia and oil back to Europe. Two trips are generally made each year. The transport leaves South Georgia at the end of the season (usually the middle of May) with a full cargo of oil and with the majority of the men employed on the station. A few are left behind over the winter to take charge of the station and to prepare for the next season's work. In the following October the ship returns and within a few days whaling commences. The floating factories are vessels of about 10,000 tons or more, and are equipped with all the necessary plant for the treatment of the carcasses. Their working expenses are less than those of a shore station, but their capacity is also less, and they are not able to utilize the carcass to the fullest advantage. The subject of floating factories, however, may be dimissed for the present as our own work has been conducted ex- clusively at land stations. At King Edward's Cove four whale boats are employed by the Cia Argentina de Pesca. These boats spend nearly their whole time at sea, though they return to the station with their catches after an absence of from one to about three days. Usually they arrive during the night and are away again before dawn. Whales are generally to be found between ten and forty miles from the coast, and one or two at a time are usually brought in by the boats, though if they are only to be found a long way off the boats stay out longer and bring in a larger catch. It is desirable, however, that a whale should be brought back fairly soon after it is killed as decomposition sets in very rapidly, and, owing to the higher percentage of fatty acid which is formed, the value of the oil is seriously reduced in a whale which has been dead for several days. When whales are first brought in they are moored temporarily near the flensing plat- form, and when work starts in the morning they are hauled out of the water one by one and cut up with flensing knives aided by steam winches. By this means the biggest whale can be completely disposed of in little more than two hours. Work at the station commences at 6 a.m. and continues until 6 p.m. with intervals for meals. In the course of a day about twelve average sized whales can be dealt with, since work can be started on a second whale when the first is half finished. The method of dealing with the carcass is as follows. A steel hawser connected with a powerful electric winch is attached to the whale's tail, and the body is drawn up until it is completely out of the water. It is now almost invariably lying half on its back and half on one side. Three long slits are cut in the blubber from the head to the tail, one from near the eye down the shoulder and flank (now the top of the whale) and the other two from the chin on one side and near the blowhole on the other side, METHODS OF WORK AT WHALING STATIONS 263 along the body and as near the ground as possible. This virtually separates the blubber into three longitudinal strips, upon one of which the whale is resting. The two free strips are simultaneously peeled off from before backwards by wires from steam winches. By means of flensing knives the workers loosen enough blubber at the head end for the attachment of the wires, and separate it from the flesh as it is pulled away. After the tongue and a mass of filmy connective tissue beneath it have been removed from the lower jaw and thorax, the carcass is rolled over by means of a tackle passed over the shoulder and attached to the lower flipper, and the third strip of blubber is removed in the same way. The blubber is drawn away to a corner of the flensing platform, where it is cut into smaller pieces and put through a machine which slices it into yet smaller strips which are shot into the blubber boilers. A number of steam jets open into the boilers, and these rapidly melt out the oil. Next the lower jaw is removed and the carcass is drawn over to another part of the platform so that a fresh whale can be taken up. The baleen plates, which are but lightly attached to the skull, are now removed en bloc. The head is separated from the body at the condyles and drawn up to the "bone platform " which is built immediately above a set of pressure boilers. Here it is cut up by a steam saw and the pieces are dropped into the boilers beneath. The carcass is now opened up in the following manner. The whale is lying on its left side and a longitudinal cut is made down the mid-ventral line through the abdominal muscle wall and as far back as the anus. The wire from a winch is attached to the upper flipper and drawn tight enough to put considerable tension on the shoulder. Cuts are now made through the cartilaginous attachment of the ribs on this side to the back- bone and when all these have been disarticulated the whole right shoulder, the right side of the abdominal wall and right side of the thorax come away with all the viscera attached. The shoulders and ribs are taken up to the bone platform, and there are separate boilers near by for the flesh and entrails. The remaining part of the carcass consists simply of the vertebral column with a considerable quantity of flesh. These are easily separated and taken to the appropriate boilers and the actual work of dis- memberment is completed. The best oil is obtained from the blubber, and with the least amount of trouble, but the bones provide a grade of oil which is veiy little inferior. From the meat, and especially the "guts", the oil contains a higher proportion of fatty acids and is thus of a poorer quality. The bonemeal and guano, consisting of the dried and powdered remains of the bones and flesh are sold as fertilisers. From the blubber there is hardly any residue left except a small quantity of fibrous material. The baleen is in fact the only part of the whole carcass which is not utilized. METHODS OF WORK Before an account is given of the routine observations made at the whaling stations and the methods by which conclusions can be drawn, something should be said of the investigations of this kind which have been made by previous workers. 264 DISCOVERY REPORTS The first attempt to carry out systematic observations on the whales brought into the whaHng stations appears to be that of Cocks (1886-90), who pubHshed a series of papers on the catches at some Lapland whaling stations. He examined only a few whales personally, however, and most of his information was derived from the whalers. Important work was done by True (1904), who examined some whales at a New- foundland station in the course of his investigation of the specific identity of the whalebone whales of the western North Atlantic. True's observations were mostly confined to bodily measurements and the external characters, and were not so much concerned with the breeding and other habits of whales. The paper consists of an exhaustive examination of the specific characters of the Fin, Blue, Humpback, Little Piked whale, and North Atlantic Right whale, and is based to a large extent on the study of museum specimens. It contains excellent descriptions, however, of the external characters of these northern whales, and summarizes in many cases the descriptions given by other authors. The main object of the paper was to show that the whalebone whales of the western section of the North Atlantic are specifically identical with those of the eastern section. Later, some observations were made by Haldane (1904-10) on whales brought into a Shetland whaling station. He published a series of brief papers dealing with various notes on the general biology of the whales he examined. Lillie (1910) visited an Irish whaling station at Innishkea, Co. Mayo, and published a paper which was principally concerned with some anatomical details. The same author (19 15) visited a whaling station and two floating factories at New Zealand and published some useful observations on the anatomy and habits of the Humpback. Burfield (191 2) and Hamilton (1914 and 191 5) made some observations at the Bell- mullet station in Ireland. The observations included the total length of the whale and twelve other measurements, notes on colour and some other external characters, and records of the stomach contents, external and internal parasites and various patho- logical specimens. A few foetuses also were measured. At almost the same time (in the 1913-14 season) observations of the same kind were instituted, apparently for the first time in the southern hemisphere, by Major Barrett- Hamilton, who examined nearly 300 whales at Leith Harbour, South Georgia, between November 14, 1913, and January 16, 1914. His untimely death at South Georgia put an end to this work, and his notes were handed over to Mr M. A. C. Hinton of the British Museum (Natural History), who used them as the basis of an important paper (1925) on whales and whaling, in which also the results of various previous authors are summarized. In this paper all Barrett-Hamilton's observations are set out and various problems discussed, in particular those relating to the breeding and migrations of whales. Barrett-Hamilton's observations alone were not sufficiently extensive to lead to any very general conclusions as to the habits of whales, but the chief value of the paper lies in the fact that material from various other sources is brought together and considered as a whole. As an example of this, extensive lists of foetuses from the METHODS OF WORK AT WHALING STATIONS 265 North Atlantic are compiled from the records given by Collett (191 1), Guldberg (1886), Cocks (1886-90), True (1904), Hamilton (1915) and others. Several papers have been published by D'Arcy Thompson (19 18, 19 19 and 1928) which consist mainly of a general examination of the catches at Scottish whaling stations during the last twenty years, with notes on the various species and their habits, but these papers are not based on actual examination of the whales at the stations. The routine of observations which has been carried out in our own work has con- sisted in making notes, in the case of each whale, on the following subjects: (i) Mea- surements of bodily proportions. (2) Description of the external characters. (3) Blubber, food, parasites, etc. (4) Genitalia. All measurements are recorded in metres or centi- metres. As the whale is drawn out of the water on to the flensing platform a note is made as to the date, species and sex, and the measurement series is commenced. The measurements are as follows : 1. Total length. This is measured in a straight line from the tip of the snout to the notch of the tail flukes. It is appreciably shorter than the overall length of the whale, but is the only reliable method of measuring the length. 2. Lower jaw; projection beyond tip of snout. This measurement is very rarely taken since, when the whale is lying on the flensing platform, the lower jaw is hardly ever in its natural position. 3. Tip of snout to blowhole. This is measured to the middle of the two slits of the blowhole. 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape. This is not a very reliable measurement and is often omitted when there is any difficulty in locating the angle of the gape. 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye. 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper. This measurement must of course be taken only when the flipper lies in its natural position. 7. Eye to ear, centres. 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin. This is the most reliable means of fixing the position of the dorsal fin. 9. Flukes, width at insertion. This is measured from the notch of the flukes to the nearest part of the anterior margin of the flukes. ID. Notch of flukes to anus. 1 1 . Notch of flukes to umbilicus. This is taken to the centre of the umbilicus and can be done before or after flensing. 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. The ventral grooves sometimes do not end evenly at a definite point, in which case this measurement cannot be taken. 13. Anus to reproductive aperture, centres. The centre of the reproductive aperture in females is taken as opposite the posterior end of the clitoris, and in males at the centre of the base of the penis when the latter is extruded. 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height. 266 DISCOVERY REPORTS 15. Dorsal fin, length of base. This is a rather unsatisfactory measurement as it is very difficuh, especially in the case of Blue whales, to say where the anterior part of the fin begins. 16. Flipper, tip to axilla. The axilla is taken as the most anterior point on the dorsal rim of the flipper. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. Taken with the preceding measure- ment this gives the relative curvature of the flipper. 19. Flipper, greatest width. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. 21. Skull, greatest width. This is not a very reliable measurement and can usually be taken only indirectly. The width of the head is measured from eye to eye, and that of the skull is determined by feeling for the bone behind the eye with the point of a knife. 22. Skidl length, condyle to tip ofpremaxiUa. To take this measurement it is necessary to cut down the tip of the snout until the premaxilla is found. 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus. The head of the humerus is not often accessible, so that it is difficult to take this measurement systematically. 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin. This is taken in a straight line from a point opposite the base of the dorsal fin. 25. Flukes, notch to tip. As the flukes are always cut off at sea this can only be taken in the case of foetuses. 26. Flukes, total spread. Taken only in the case of foetuses for the same reason. Only measurements i to 16 can be taken when the whale is first drawn up. The rest are taken later on as opportunity permits. Notes are made on the external characters as follows : I. Colour. Routine notes are made only on features which are subject to variations. In Blue whales observations are made on such points as the number of white flecks over the posterior part of the ventral grooves, the size and degree of differentiation of the spots of pale colour over the back and flanks, the striations on the ventral surface of the tail flukes, etc. Among Fin whales there is some variation to be noted in the degree to which the dark pigment extends over the ventral surface, of which the greater part is white. In some also the dorsal pigment is lighter than in others. 2. Baleen. In the case of a large number of whales the number of baleen plates has been counted, and in still more cases the longest plates have been measured from base to tip. The spacing of the plates has also been measured. It does not appear, however, that these routine observations on the baleen lead to any very useful results, though measurement of the length of the plates in young whales has some bearing on the study of the whale's growth and feeding. 3. Hair. The hair which occurs on the mandibles and snout is subject to some variation, and routine notes as to the numbers and disposition of the hairs were made for some time. It does not appear, however, that diff'erences were more than individual variations. METHODS OF WORK AT WHALING STATIONS 267 4. Ventral Grooves. Here again the numbers of grooves vary to some extent. They were counted in a number of cases, sufficient to show that the number depends only on individual variation. There is also some variation in the small grooves in the neighbourhood of the genital aperture in females. 5. Palate and Tongue. These show very little variation, and comparatively few notes were made under this heading. As soon as the flensing process is commenced measurements can be made of the thickness of the blubber. The flensers make certain long cuts running longitudinally down the body of the whale in dorsal, lateral, and ventral positions, and piercing just to the depth of the blubber. A measurement was made regularly at two points on these cuts, the first at the apex of a V-shaped deflection of the dorsal cut near the shoulder, and the second at a point on the lateral cut opposite the dorsal fin. It is the latter rather than the former measurement which has been used in estimating the condition of the whales at dift'erent seasons. Any external parasites are counted except when present in large numbers, and a note is made as to their position. Remarks are made also as to the number of healed or open scars which commonly occur on the flanks, and the appearance of a film of diatoms on the skin is noted. Before flensing, observations are made on the external genitalia. In the case of males it has usually been noted whether the penis is extended or retracted, though this observation does not now appear to have much value. The penis is sometimes measured, but this should not be done unless one is certain that it is fully extruded. In the case of females records are made as to whether the genital aperture is open or closed and whether the vagina is congested or not. The mammary glands are best studied after the removal of the blubber, but if lactation is in progress it can usually (though not always) be observed as soon as the whale is out of the water. On one or two occasions milk has been found spouting out of the nipples as the whale was drawn up, and it was possible to collect a pure sample of it. By means of an incision into the gland after flensing, if the whale is fresh one can see at a glance whether lactation is taking place or not, or whether the whale is immature. In many cases the depth of the gland has been measured, and samples were occasionally preserved for histological examination. At a later stage, when the longitudinal cut has been made down the abdominal muscles, one can draw out the internal genitalia by opening the peritoneum at the posterior end of the abdominal cavity. In males the testes are to be found against the coils of intestine just behind the bladder, and they can easily be pulled out and cut away. In females the uterus is found in the same way, but as it is often very large some trouble may be experienced in pulling it completely out, and it may be difficult to locate the ovaries which are often concealed in fold upon fold of the blanket-like uterine mesentery. In the case of males the length, breadth and depth of the testis are measured, and if it is sufficiently fresh a small piece is preserved for histological examination. In the case of aduh females (in immature females there is little object in systematically 268 DISCOVERY REPORTS examining the genitalia) the ovaries are examined, and if a functional corpus luteum is present the uterus is searched from end to end for signs of a foetus. Before being opened, however, if there is not a large foetus present, the w^idth of the uterus is measured across one cornu as it lies on the platform. After it is opened a note is made if there is congestion of the internal wall, and in some cases a piece is preserved for histological examination. The ovaries are examined in some detail. A full series of observations consists in measurements of size and weight, counting all the corpora lutea, fresh and old, and measuring each in three dimensions, and describing the condition of the Graafian follicles and measuring the larger ones. It appears now, however, that if the presence of a functional corpus luteum, the number of corpora lutea and the size of the largest follicles are noted, the rest is not of much importance. Shortly after the internal genitalia become accessible the stomach is exposed by the opening up of the carcass, and can be split with the touch of a knife. The possibility of the stomach being damaged by the harpoon, and the contents thus escaping, has to be borne in mind when it sometimes appears to be empty. The series of observations is usually brought to a close by a brief examination of the intestines for internal parasites. Very occasionally it is possible in the final stages of the dismemberment of the carcass to examine the degree to which the vertebral epiphyses have fused with the centra. When work is finished at the whaling station any specimens are taken back to the Biological Station and the notes are entered up in log-books. These are in the form of large ledgers of which three patterns are kept. The first, for general notes, has a double page for each whale, the pages being divided into a number of sections in which notes can be made under the various headings such as colour, food, internal genitalia, etc. In the second book all the measurements of bodily proportions are entered, and in the third particulars of every foetus found, including bodily measure- ments, external characters, etc. The primary difficulty of investigating the habits of whales is that it is almost impos- sible to make direct observations on them. It is for instance impossible to keep one whale or a group of whales under observation for any length of time and direct observa- tions on their breeding habits have been few and far between. Indirect methods must therefore be employed. By observations at whaling stations information is mainly gained (apart from questions regarding specific identity) by studying the seasonal changes which take place through the year in whales of the same species and sex and in the whale population as a whole. For instance the changes which take place through the year in the lengths of foetuses provide information on the seasons of pairing and parturition and the rate of growth of the foetus ; the seasonal changes in the condition of the reproductive organs give rather more direct evidence on the breeding season ; the times of year at which ovulating and lactating females and young calves are most abundant are to be examined in connection with the general sexual cycle; and the movements and migrations of the whales are to some extent reflected in the seasonal variations of the food and thickness of the blubber. WHALE WORK: MATERIAL AND DATA 269 Perhaps the greatest difficulty in investigating the habits of whales lies in the fact that they do not conform to any definite rules. For instance there is an unmistakable pairing season in winter, but it is only the season at which the maximum number of pairings takes place. It appears that breeding can go on exceptionally through most, though probably not all, of the year. Again, the majority of whales leave the Depen- dencies in autumn on their northward migration, but there are always some to be found there throughout the year. Such examples could be extended indefinitely, and it is in consequence of this general irregularity that it is necessary to have a fairly large bulk of material on which to base inferences about the breeding and other habits of whales. The most that can be done in fact is to frame general rules about the behaviour of the majority, based on the average of a large number of individuals. Through the courtesy of the Director of the British Museum (Natural History) we have received much assistance in some cases where a specially large number of whales has been required, from an examination of the Museum's statistics of the catches at whaling stations. These have been compiled by Sir Sidney Harmer from the returns of the whahng companies and give the date, species, sex, length and foetuses of many thousands of whales caught in various localities over a number of years. Much useful information is to be derived from these statistics, but their value is impaired by the fact that the figures cannot always be regarded as necessarily quite accurate, especially those relating to the sizes of the whales and the occurrence and lengths of the foetuses. Sir Sidney Harmer has, however, made an analysis of some of these figures in several reports by the British Museum to the Colonial Office on the progress of the whaling industry, and further reference to his work will be made later. MATERIAL AND DATA The whales examined in the course of the work at South Georgia and South Africa may be tabulated as follows : South Georgia S. Africa Total Feb. to May 1925 Season 1925-6 Season 1926^ Season 1926 1 Males Blue \ Females (Total (Males Fin ■' Females (Total (Males Sei -1 Females (Total (Males Humpback J Females (Total (Males Right ■ Females (Total (Males Sperm - Females (Total 5S 58 108 56 75 131 I I 2 S8 71 129 210 139 349 5 13 18 I 1 155 146 301 61 62 123 14 49 63 4 4 120 127 247 114 75 189 4 6 10 2 2 4 I I 2 I I 2 383 402 785 441 351 792 18 55 73 8 16 24 2 I 3 5 I 6 Total for all species 1683 270 DISCOVERY REPORTS The British Museum statistics available up to date are as follows ■ Locality Period Number covered of whales South Georgia 1913-25 37,462 South Shetlands 1918-24 17,291 South Orkneys 1922-26 1,749 Cape Colony 1920-25 3,650 Natal 1922-26 4,845 Angola 1924-25 781 Work was started at Grytviken, South Georgia, on February 5, 1925. By this date, the South Georgia whaling season was half finished, but both Blue and Fin whales were fairly plentiful and 241 whales were examined up to May 11 before the stations closed for the winter. Among these Blue and Fin whales were fairly equally represented and both large and small specimens were plentiful. The average size of the Blue whales, however, was small, more than half being actually immature. The catching was fairly regular during February, but few whales were taken in March until towards the end of the month. There was no special feature about the catches in April and May, except that fewer whales were caught as the season advanced. The 1925-6 season opened in the middle of October, the first whale being examined on October 15. Up to Christmas the whales were phenomenally scarce, and of both species those which were taken were on the average very large. At the end of December there was a sudden and enormous increase in the numbers of whales, due to the unexpected appearance of an immense quantity of male Fin whales about 70 miles off the north-east coast of South Georgia. Later on they approached closer to the island and began to feed, and more females were caught with them. Blue whales remained scarce until the latter part of February and the beginning of March when a fair number of small ones were caught. The average size of the whales of both species declined considerably during the last two months of the season. The greatest number was caught in January and February, and of these the vast majority were Fin whales. The season continued into May, but we were unable to examine any more whales after the end of March owing to our departure for South Africa early in April. The total number of whales measured at South Georgia from February 1925 until Christmas was 296, but by March 29, 1926, the figure had risen to 738. The work was resumed at Messrs Irvin and Johnson's whaling station at Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, on June 15, 1926. Saldanha Bay lies about 60 miles north of Cape Town, and the whales are mostly caught from 20 to 30 miles off this part of the coast. Four hundred and fifty-four whales were examined between June 15 and October 11. The catches here are quite different from those at South Georgia except in the fact that the great majority are Blue and Fin whales. The majority of the whales are small and immature, only 10-20 per cent being adult. At South Georgia again there is a great deal of variation in the numbers of whales caught at different times, whereas at Saldanha Bay they are brought in in moderate numbers with great regularity throughout the season. This is partly due to the more settled weather off the African coast, but there EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF WHALES 271 is no doubt at all that the local whale population is subject to far less fluctuation off the south-west African coast than in the neighbourhood of South Georgia. We left the Cape in October 1926, arriving again in South Georgia in November. Work was recommenced on November 15 and continued from then to April 25, 1927. This season's catch showed certain points of special interest. A feature of the first part of the 1925-6 season was the great scarcity of whales, especially of Blue whales. The 1926-7 season was characterized by a great abundance of Blue whales which was maintained right on to March, and a scarcity of Fin whales in the earlier part of the season. From the whaling industry's point of view the season was even more successful than the preceding one, for although whales were at no time quite so abundant as in January and February 1926, the supply was plentiful throughout the season. As in the last season the whales caught in November and December were on the average very large. During the second half of the season smaller whales began to appear and the average size became considerably less. A peculiar feature of this season's catch was the appearance towards the end of February of Sei whales. These were the first which had been caught at South Georgia during the whole of our stay, and through March and April they became very plentiful, 63 being examined before the end of the season. It should be mentioned that the 1926-7 season was characterized by the phenomenal amount of ice which had drifted as far north as, and even farther than. South Georgia. There is little doubt that this was correlated in some way with the exceptional abundance of Blue whales throughout the season. In May 1927 the Marine Biological Station was closed and the staff returned to England. It was reopened early in 1928 and work on the same lines was started again at the whaling station on February 15 by Messrs Fraser and Rayner. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS Among all the whales examined six distinct species are included, and representatives of each of these have occurred both at South Georgia and at Saldanha Bay. Not many whales have been examined apart from Blue and Fin whales, and the present memoir is really concerned only with the two latter species. The other species will no doubt be dealt with in due course when more material has been collected. The following are the names now generally adopted for the six species mentioned above : Mystacocoeti (Baleen whales) Balaenopteridae (Rorquals) Blue ... ... ... ... ... ••• Balaenoptera miisculus Fin ... ... ... ... ... ..• B.physalus Sei ... ... ... ... ... ... B. borealis Humpback Megaptera nodosa 272 DISCOVERY REPORTS Balaenidae (Right whales) Southern Right ... ... ... ... Balaena australis Odontocoeti (Toothed whales) Physeteridae Sperm Physeter catodon Several other species not included in the above list have been taken from time to time in the Dependencies, but their value is negligible from the point of view of the whaling industry. Among these are the Bottlenose (Hyperoochu), the Killer or Grampus {Orcimis orca), the Lesser Rorqual {Balaenoptera aciitorostrata) and the Ca'aing whale {Globicephala melaeiia). The Killer, though of little value, may be said to have some economic importance owing to its habit of occasionally attacking the larger whales and their calves. At South African stations one other species is frequently taken, namely Bryde's whale {Balaenoptera brydei). This whale is not very well known, but it resembles the Sei whale and has been described by Olsen (1913, 1914/15 and 1926). Unfortunately none was brought in to the station at Saldanha Bay during our work there. A general account of the bodily proportions and external and specific characters of Blue and Fin whales can best be given separately under each species. BLUE WHALES GENERAL REMARKS This species together with the Fin whale constitutes over 90 per cent of the catches of most southern whaling stations. The two are caught nearly everywhere in roughly equal numbers, but the value of the Blue whale is greater owing not only to its greater size, but also to the fact that even allowing for its size, the yield of oil is slightly greater. The average yield of oil from a Blue whale is 70 to 80 barrels, but as many as 305 barrels were once obtained from a Blue whale at Walvis Bay, West Africa (see Risting, 1928, p. 41). A higher bonus is paid to the whalers for the capture of a Blue whale than for any other species, so that when more than one species is open to attack it is usually the Blue whale which suffers. This species is widely distributed in temperate and arctic and antarctic waters, and it has been hunted more or less regularly since the invention of the harpoon gun, though during the period when the Humpback formed the main prey of the whalers, the largest specimens were sometimes avoided owing to the comparative lightness of the gear then used. At South Georgia it was caught in comparatively small numbers from 1904, when the industry started there, until about 19 13 when the Humpback fishery began to decline. With some fluctuations a great increase in the catches of Blue whales took place during and after the war, and in the recent 1926-7 season greater numbers of this species were taken than ever before. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 273 The largest Blue whale measured by us was No. 667. This was a female 28-5 m. long, or 93 ft. 6 in. Only two others measured 28-0 m. or over (No. 128 1, 28-2 m., and No. 1417, 28-0 m.), but there were ten measuring between 27-0 m. and 28-0 m. All these were females. The method of measuring the total length from the tip of the snout to the notch of the flukes is the shortest measurement which could be called the total length, and it has already been explained that this is appreciably shorter than the overall length. One would therefore hardly expect to find a whale measuring 100 ft. (30-48 m.) according to this method, but if the projection of the lower jaw beyond the snout, and the tips of the flukes beyond the notch are included in the measurement, 100 ft. is not at all an improbable length for a Blue whale. The largest whale measured by Barrett-Hamilton at South Georgia was 95 ft. long, but this was taken from the notch of the flukes to the tip of the mandible. The length to the tip of the snout was 92 ft. This appears to be the longest measurement ever made up till now which can really be regarded as authentic. In a recent paper based on the statistics of the Nor- wegian Whalers' Association, Risting (1928) quotes five instances of whales measuring 100 ft. or more. The measurements, however, appear to be unreliable, for according to Risting's data the smallest pregnant Blue whale measured 63 ft. or 20 m. (allowance being made for Norwegian feet) and 11-4 per cent of the 71 ft. (22-5 m.) whales were pregnant. Now Blue whales are rarely adult at a length of less than 23-5 m. and it is in our opinion extremely improbable that 11-4 per cent of those measuring 22-5 m. were pregnant, or that a 20-0 m. Blue whale could be pregnant, and it must be supposed that some of the measurements were inaccurate. The size of the Blue whale is also discussed at some length by True (1904) who concludes that the maximum authentic measurement of a Blue whale from the North Atlantic is 88 ft. 7 in. or 27-0 m. Authentic measurements from the South Atlantic were not to be had at that time and it appears that in the North Atlantic the whales in general do not attain to so great a size as in the south. More recently, however, a huge Blue whale, said to measure 98 ft., was killed in the Panama Canal, and Harmer (1923), from an examination of the cervical vertebrae, estimates that the reputed length was not exaggerated. The fact that the average size of the Blue whales of South Georgia is considerably greater than that of the corresponding form in the North Atlantic is commented on by Hinton, who suggests that if it could be shown that the Blue whales of the two regions do not mingle in equatorial waters, the differ- ence in size might be regarded as sufficient ground for recognizing the two forms as distinct sub-species. In the same paper, however, Hinton mentions that the small size of the whales examined by True at Newfoundland suggests that during the whaling season the herds in that region consist principally of adolescent individuals with a few young adults. In view of the fact that at south-west African stations the average size of the whales is extremely low, solely on account of the high percentage of immature whales which are caught there, it does not seem impossible that a similar factor may operate in more than one part of the North Atlantic and that the comparatively small average size of the whales taken there may be due to a high percentage of immature whales in the catches. 274 DISCOVERY REPORTS Before going on to an analysis of the systematic measurements of bodily proportions it will be convenient here to examine the sex ratio and the differences which exist between the two sexes. In investigating the proportions between the numbers of existing male and female whales certain difficulties arise which make it impossible to estimate the ratio with accuracy. It is certain that Rorquals of one sex sometimes associate in large herds, and it may be assumed that members of one sex may move to some extent (though perhaps a limited extent) in different places or at different times from members of the other sex. Consequently one sex might actually exist in smaller numbers than the other and yet be caught in greater numbers in some particular locality. The ratio of the numbers of each sex which are born could be estimated from the sex ratio of foetuses, but the number of foetal records is hardly great enough for this purpose. Some good material, however, is to be found in the statistics of the catches at various whaling stations, for here there are records of the numbers of each sex taken through a considerable number of seasons and at several different localities, and the number of whales recorded is so large that it might be expected to some extent to swamp any differences due to local movements of the whales. The British Museum statistics cover the following localities and seasons : (a) Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. South Georgia, 1913-25 South Shetlands, 1918-24 South Orkneys, 1922-26 (b) South Africa. Cape Colony, 1920-25 Natal, 1922-26 Analysis of these figures gives the following results : (a) Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. Of all whales recorded 53 per cent were males. Of 22 seasons in different localities there were five with from 51 to 57 per cent of females. One season had equal numbers of males and females. The remaining 16 seasons all showed a majority of males. Of these, 14 seasons showed 50 to 60 per cent of males and two seasons showed between 60 and 70 per cent of males. (b) South Africa. Of all whales recorded 53 per cent were females. Of 14 seasons in different localities 10 showed a majority of females, all between 50 and 60 per cent. In the four remaining seasons there were 51 to 58 per cent males. From the above we see that while males have been found to be more numerous at South Georgia and the other Dependencies, at South African stations larger numbers of females have been taken. Among the Blue whales examined by us at both localities there was a slight majority of females. 51 per cent of the whales and 60 per cent of the foetuses were female. The results are therefore rather inconclusive though the 18,484 : Blue whales 7.625 >) 519 .) 2,667 )) 927 >» EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 275 total of all Blue whales, of which there are records, consists of 48 per cent females and 52 per cent males. Any attempt to explain these differences must, however, be very speculative. The main fact is that in general there is very little difference in the abun- dance of the two sexes. It is well known that among the Rorquals the female reaches a greater size than the male, and it will be interesting to examine briefly the extent of the difference which exists. The largest recorded specimen of each sex hardly provides a fair com- parison in itself. Perhaps the best criterion of the difference in size is to be found in a comparison of the lengths at which each sex becomes adult. It will be shown later that up to a point the rate of growth of the two sexes is probably equal, but that the female appears to begin growing faster than the male some time after it is weaned, and that when sexual maturity is reached there is a definite difference between the two. The mean length at which sexual maturity is reached in the female Blue whale can be fairly accurately estimated at 237 m. and the corresponding length in the male at 22-6 m. Thus there is approximately i m. difference between the two or the length of the male is 95-4 per cent of that of the female. The largest female measured was 28-5 m. and the largest male only 26-45 "^- Thus although the largest specimen met with of either sex is perhaps a matter of chance, this seems to show that there must be an increased divergence in size after maturity is reached. The difli'erence between these two specimens was 2-05 m., and the length of the male was 92-5 per cent of the female. Besides the difference in size there are one or two differences between the sexes in respect of the bodily proportions, but these will be considered in the general analysis of the measurement records. EXTERNAL PROPORTIONS It has already been explained that an essential part of the work at whaling stations is to establish as thoroughly as possible the external characters of the southern whales and the limits of the ordinary individual variations which may occur. There has been no evidence to show that the southern whales differ specifically from the corresponding northern forms, or that there are racial distinctions among the southern species them- selves, but the equatorial regions appear to constitute something of a natural barrier between the whales of the two hemispheres (so far at least as the genus Balaenoptera is concerned) and the circumstances are therefore not unfavourable to the development of separate sub-species. Similarly, it is not proved that the whales of the Dependencies are the same whales which are found at a different time of year in South African waters, so that here again some distinction may exist. Consequently a basis is required for the comparison of the whales of different localities, and the first step will be to quote the average condition (in respect of the external characters) of a large number of whales in each region. The bodily proportions, recorded by the system of measurements described on p. 265, are of course included in this connection among the external characters. The entire series of measurements has hardly ever been carried out on any one whale, for 3-2 276 DISCOVERY REPORTS some of them, such as the length of the flipper measured from the head of the humerus, are difficult to obtain and have been performed only on a small number of -whales. However, a more or less complete series has been recorded in some 783 Blue whales and 692 Fin whales. The actual measurements of each whale are of course of little value for purposes of comparison, and they have therefore been reduced in the case of each whale to per- centages of the total length. As a preliminary analysis of the measurements the following table shows the mean value of all the measurements taken for male and female Blue whales, expressed as percentages of the total length : Measurement South Georgia South Africa Total Males Females Males Females Males Females 0) > C a k a g • C C u 3 s 6 > 4-5 1 — 30-11 I — 45-68 I — 43-79 I — 6-n Whale 16-17 2 30-38-32-05 31-22 2 47-20-48-66 47-93 — — — 2 4-42-4-75 4-59 ,, 17-18 15 28-61-32-1 1 30-56 14 45-89-48-86 47-56 9 40-46-47-43 44-95 15 3-67-8-01 6-14 ,, 18-19 20 27-69-32-24 30-24 20 45-21-51-32 47-79 12 41-64-48-15 44-85 21 3-50-8-31 6-37 ,, 19-20 21 28-39-32-99 30-20 22 44-79-50-00 47-11 13 41-97-49-61 45-09 19 3-66-7-93 5-8i ,, ZO-21 16 27-82-32-35 30-13 15 44-36-47-83 46-52 8 42-19-44-83 43-81 16 3-12-8-79 5-78 „ 21-22 22 27-79-31-29 29-56 21 43-66-47-80 46-14 15 40-00-45-97 43-32 21 3-72-7-85 6-08 ,, 22-23 23 27-43-31-63 2S-91 23 41-33-47-66 45-19 18 40-44-48-01 43-43 22 4-25-8-63 6-45 ,, 23-24 42 26-61-30-34 28-35 41 41-63-47-86 44-75 26 39-49-47-86 42-91 40 4-10-8-39 6-23 ,, 24-25 60 25-00-30-96 28-13 59 41-04-47-98 44-50 39 34-44-45-82 41-24 5? 3-84-7-89 6-14 ,, 25-26 31 25-84-29-30 27-92 32 41-70-47-20 44-17 19 38-54-45-47 41-85 28 3-37-7-66 6-10 " 26-27 3 27-50-291 1 28-20 3 42-4i-44-«o 43-8i 3 40-92-42-72 41-98 3 5-16-7-50 6-30 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest tvidth 20. Severed head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest width Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus 1-2 4 13-60-18-82 15-78 4 3-20-4-30 3-71 — — — 2 i3-82-i4'40 14-11 j» 2-3 5 14-00-18-60 17-25 7 3-75-5-12 4-30 — — — — — — ,, 3-4 3 17-24-18-60 17-81 3 4-53-4-73 4-62 — — — — — — >> 4-5 1 — 17-26 I — 4-42 — — — — — — Whale 16-17 — — — 2 3-56-4-01 3-78 2 20-77-22-42 21-60 1 — 11-50 ,, 17-18 5 13-29-14-40 13-95 7 2-86-4-03 3-53 7 20-96-23-45 22-59 8 8-89-12-78 11-35 ,, 18-19 12 12-59-17-76 14-22 17 2-93-4-37 3-70 17 19-78-25-80 23-26 17 9-76-13-26 11-37 ,, 19-20 13 12-21-15-00 13-74 16 3-09-4-17 3-61 12 21-13-24-87 23-27 12 10-59-12-04 11-26 ,, 20-21 12 13-12-14-68 13-73 1 1 3-36-3-88 3-59 9 22-77-25-49 24-39 8 10-31-12-10 11-18 ,, 21-22 16 1 1-27-14-60 13-20 16 3-19-3-97 3-55 17 21-13-25-81 24-37 15 10-28-12-27 11-09 >> 22-23 12 10-67-16-56 14-15 13 3-18-4-27 3-68 20 20-00-27-20 24-68 15 9-98-12-38 "•54 ti 23-24 21 12-99-15-79 14-19 26 3-11-4-1S 374 30 2291-27-47 25-61 29 10-21-12-82 11 -So ,, 24-25 37 12-50-14-84 13-71 40 311-4-16 3-68 35 23-63-28-48 25-85 33 10-55-13-30 11-72 ,, 25-26 21 12-60-14-75 13-82 21 3-09-3-93 3-65 20 23-93-28-01 25-80 17 10-86-12-60 11-71 " 26-27 2 13-61-13-69 13-65 2 3-33-3-89 3-6i I — 24-S9 I — 10-S6 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES Male Blue Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 279 Foetus Whale Metre lengths 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-S 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper No. of measure- ments 12 17 20 16 20 20 37 55 27 Range 40-00-46-77 41 •30-48-84 44-I6-47-I3 40-00- 38-56- 38-92- 39-16- 40-84- 39-42- 3974- 38-02- 40-48- 43-86- 42-25 44-56 43-49 43-87 45-03 46-30 ■49-15 47-85 ■46-32 44-59 Mean 43-46 44-33 45-45 43-16 38-87 40-90 41-58 41-32 41-71 42-63 42-81 44-06 44-36 43-69 44-22 7. Eye to ear, centres No. of measure- ments 13 16 17 14 17 20 35 52 27 3 Range 6-40-7-14 6-44-8-09 6-40-6-94 4-91-6-63 4-53-6-22 501-6-00 4-29-5-63 4-79-5-77 4-67-6-07 4-94-6-91 4-04-6-25 4-88-6-10 5-22-5-77 Mean 6-91 6-95 6-65 6-53 5-43 5-40 5-28 5-28 5-22 5-34 5-50 5-57 5-55 5-38 5-49 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin No. of measure- ments 1 1 15 n 7 14 19 31 39 20 Range 25-20-29-19 25 00-29-77 25-86-27-76 24-44-28-35 22-22-27-03 23-67-27-39 24-78—26-96 23-51-28-89 22-60-26-73 22-08-26-29 21-23-26-45 21-93-26-00 22-69-25-33 Mean 27-30 27-26 26-76 26-74 26-04 25-17 25-25 26-01 25-18 24-39 23-89 23-87 23-73 24-01 9. Flukes, width at insertion No. of measure- ments 13 17 21 16 22 23 38 59 32 3 Range 6-30-8-55 6-67-8-37 5-67-8-27 4-86-5-97 4-57-6-19 4-71-5-74 4-68-5-88 4-64-6-07 4-67-5-88 4-76-5-86 4-32-6-02 3-92-5-88 4-69-5-09 Mean 7-25 7-39 6-75 7-16 5-22 5-37 5-30 5-21 5-28 5-32 5-i8 5-27 5-11 5-05 4-86 14. I Dorsal fin, vertical 15- Dorsal fin, length Killa 17. Flipper, tip to anterior height of base end of lower border Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus 1-2 5 1-18-1-86 1-58 5 3-94-5-59 4-73 4 10-56-11-29 II-OI 5 12-80-17-31 14-73 2-3 6 1-25-2-33 1-81 6 4-50-5-84 5-36 8 9-50-12-56 11-43 7 13-00-16-74 15-68 3-4 3 I -72-2-3 1 1-86 3 4-02-4-42 4-24 3 11-67-12-07 11-91 3 16-00-16-09 16-06 ,, 4-5 I 2-1 1 I — 5-47 I — 12-21 I l6-2I Whale 16-17 — — — — — — 2 10-03-12-75 11-39 I — 14-83 17-18 13 1-16-1-59 33 12 3-30-6-24 4-11 15 S-22-10-17 9-39 7 11-16-13-77 13-03 ,, 18-19 15 0-85-1-61 28 13 2-93-7-05 4-61 17 8-24-1 1-47 9-89 13 12-21-16-72 13-48 19-20 13 I -09-1 -83 28 13 2-79-6-65 4-03 21 8-42-11-03 9-83 14 11-60-14-40 13-22 ,, 20-21 9 0-94-1-59 24 10 2-95-S-76 4-27 15 8-13-10-19 9-21 12 12-37-13-93 13-03 21-22 14 0-60-1-98 24 14 3-02-6-77 4-22 19 7-9I-II-S5 9-74 17 11-26-1401 12-78 22-23 17 0-98-1-79 12 19 3-54-7-14 4-64 17 8-22-12-08 9-71 1 2 10-22-15-25 13-35 23-24 24 0-34-1-84 iS 30 2-51-6-05 4-45 36 8-74-11-92 10-14 22 12-51-14-95 13-46 24-25 31 0-65-1-76 26 40 2-45-7-57 4-90 51 7-66-12-16 9-94 38 11-89-14-27 13-19 25-26 15 0-59-1-60 33 20 2-91-7-47 4-S8 28 8-51-12-20 9-99 21 12-04-14-26 12-56 •• 26-27 I -04-1 -59 1-31 2 4-23-4-63 4-43 3 9-26-9-81 9-62 - 12-96-13-04 13-00 Metre lengths 22. Skull length, condyle to tip of premaxilla 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin 25. Flukes, notch to tip No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measiu-e- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus 1-2 _ _ — 5 9-60-11-18 10-46 3 9-47-12-37 II-OI 2-3 3-4 4-5 — — — — — 6 10-40-13-02 11-46 6 12-38-15-81 13-77 — — — — 3 10-09-11-21 10-74 3 12-33-13-07 12-58 ,j — — — — — — I — 11-16 I — 12-63 Whale 16-17 — — — — — — — — — 17-18 — — — — 10 8-15-12-18 9-87 — — — 18-19 — — — — 9 8-87-10-01 9-36 — — — 19-20 — — — 8 8-29-10-95 9-60 — — — 20-21 — — — — — 7 9-36-10-78 lo-oo — — — 21-22 — — — — — — II 9-07-10-92 999 — — — 22-23 — — — — — — 13 7-11-11-15 9-34 — — — 23-24 I — 26-99 — — — 26 8-13-10-85 9-35 — — — „ 24-25 — — — — — ^l 8-io-ii-'45 9-52 — „ 25-26 — — — — — • — 18 8-57-10-20 9-38 — — " 26-27 — — — — — I ~ 8-32 280 DISCOVERY REPORTS Male Blue Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 2. Lower jaw, projection beyond tip of snout 3- Tip of snout to blowhole 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus o-i — — — 2 I2-36-I3-I3 12-75 2 17-50-17-98 17-74 2 18-00-18-75 18-38 Whale I i;-i6 — — — I — 1 7 '06 — — — 1 — 20-09 16-17 — — — 2 i6-09-i6-99 16-54 2 18-34-19-76 19-05 2 18-82-19-88 19-35 17-1S — — — 20 IS-20-I7-68 16-22 17 I7-7I-I9-7I 18-27 19 16-96-20-29 18-70 18-19 — — — 33 i4-84-i8-3i 16-63 31 16-94-19-95 i8-44 33 17-58-20-38 19-08 19-20 — — — 23 i4-9S-i8-2S 16-49 21 17-10-19-59 18-48 23 17-72-20-68 19-12 20-21 — — — 13 iS-98-i8-9i 17-00 12 18-16-19-75 18-92 14 18-76-20-25 19-51 21-22 — — ■ — I — 17-16 I — 19-45 1 — 20-23 22-23 — — — 7 i6-8o-ig-i3 17-78 5 19-26-20-45 19-72 7 20-00-21-II 20-S3 23-24 — — — 6 i7-o6-i9-67 iS-35 3 19-61-22-01 20-54 7 19-49-22-18 20-86 24-25 — — — 7 I7-74-I9-63 18-67 6 19-79-20-85 20-26 7 20-41-21-51 21-01 25-26 — — — I — 17-72 I — 21-63 2 20-54-22-62 21-58 26-27 — — 2 I6-73-I9-70 l8-22 2 1915-21-29 20-22 2 19-62-22-24 20-93 10. Notch of flukes 1 1. Notch of flukes to 12. Notch of flukes to end 13. Anus to reproductive to anus umbilicus of ventral grooves aperture, centres Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus o-i 2 28-54-31-25 29-90 2 43-82-46-25 45-03 — — — 2 6-25-6-74 6-50 Whale 15-16 1 — 29-37 I — 45-80 1 — 43-27 1 — 7-58 16-17 2 30-09-30-47 30-28 2 47-20-47-34 47-27 2 42-49-44-84 43-67 2 7-51-7-67 7-59 17-18 18 28-20-32-17 30-22 iS 45-62-51-76 47-76 14 43-19-50-00 45-29 18 3-99-8-41 7-17 18-19 33 28-23-32-11 30-32 32 45-22-49-31 47-53 27 40-27-47-55 44-64 29 3-17-S-60 6-78 19-20 22 27-96-32-49 30-40 23 45-34-49-74 47-30 17 4293-46-43 44-72 iS 4-15-8-42 6-82 20-21 14 27-55-31-75 29-83 14 44-71-48-50 46-68 10 3990-46-89 43-92 13 4-35-8-13 6-97 21-22 1 — 31-12 1 — 46-68 1 — 42-11 I — 7-32 22-23 7 27-73-29-60 29-01 6 44-98-46-46 45-99 5 42-14-45-23 43-49 7 4-62-7-42 6-78 23-24 7 26-60-29-76 28-55 7 39-96-45-69 44-24 3 39-75-43-78 41-95 7 6-03-7-51 6-76 24-25 7 2746-29-96 29-10 7 44-47-46-77 45-71 7 40-08-45-15 43-00 7 4-95-7-79 6-80 25-26 2 27-38-29-27 28-33 2 44-25-45-56 44-91 2 40-48-43-24 41-86 2 6-94-7-14 7-04 26-27 2 28-52-29-23 28-88 2 44-81-44-87 44-84 2 40-30-41-54 40-92 2 6-1S-6-84 6-50 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest width 20. Severed head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest width Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus o-i 2 12-58-14-00 13-29 2 3-75-3-82 3-78 — — — — — Whale 15-16 — — — — — — — — — — — — 16-17 2 13-96-13-98 13-97 2 3-79-3-83 3-81 2 23-37-23-60 23-49 2 II -54-1 1-92 11-73 17-18 12 12-S9-14-32 13-72 9 3-35-3-77 3-57 10 20-45-23-88 22-79 9 9-83-1 1-29 10-48 18-19 25 1291-15-83 13-86 26 3-27-3-91 3-68 19 21-33-25-52 23-42 19 9-78-12-68 11 -02 19-20 14 12-93-14-86 13-81 14 3-22-4-01 3-65 10 22-14-24-68 23-08 9 10-53-11-86 11-05 20-21 12 12-60-14-69 13-79 14 3-29-3-93 3-67 10 22-40-25-62 23-85 10 10-21-12-44 11-27 21-22 1 — 14-65 I — 3-75 I — 24-71 I — 11-44 22-23 7 13-50-14-86 14-12 6 3-32-3-96 3-75 3 24-67-25-41 24-92 3 1 1 -05-1 1 -22 11-15 23-24 6 13-43-15-11 13-88 6 3-42-4-04 3-69 4 25-21-27-06 26-23 4 10-26-11-30 10-96 24-25 5 12-83-14-78 13-46 5 3-38-3-87 3-64 4 25-25-26-80 25-78 4 11-00-11-70 11-46 25-26 2 13-10-13-82 13-46 2 3-78-3-89 3-80 1 — 25-10 I — 11-74 26-27 2 12-96-13-19 13-08 2 3-46-3-80 3-63 2 23-54-27-00 25-27 2 11 -00-1 1 -41 11-21 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 281 Male Blue Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. Metre lengths 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper 7. Eye to ear, centres 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin 9. Flukes, width at insertion No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Fo Wl ;tus lale O-I 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 2 I 2 16 30 21 13 I 7 5 6 2 2 42-70-43-75 41-66-41-89 40-28-42-90 37-00-44-06 36-20-45-03 37-29-44-38 42-57-47-05 41-49-45-53 41-96-44-67 44-79-46-83 41-54-44-68 43-23 43-27 41-78 41-60 41-64 41-62 42-16 43-71 44-01 43-68 43-69 45-81 43-11 I 2 20 33 21 14 I 6 6 7 2 2 5-55-7-IO 4-99-5-85 4-95-5-99 4-74-5-62 4-77-5-57 4-22-6-03 5-25-5-S2 5-10-5-69 5-56-6-15 5-12-5-86 5-94 6-33 5-34 5-36 5-27 5-25 5-22 5-26 5-46 5-40 5-86 5-49 2 I 2 15 28 17 13 I 7 6 7 27-50-28-09 25-44-26-08 22-86-28-11 23-48-28-00 23-82-29-95 23-56-27-12 22-71-25-98 22-84-25-63 22-24-25-74 22-06-23-94 23-19-23-85 27-80 24-00 25-76 24-96 25-71 25-38 24-86 25-17 24-51 24-99 24-39 23-00 23-52 I 2 21 33 23 14 I 7 7 7 2 4-73-6-31 4-70-5-97 4-70-5-80 4-31-5-88 4-65-5-50 4-66-5-72 5-02-5-49 4-67-5-07 4-40-5-08 4-62-5-02 5-05 5-52 5-34 5-32 5-23 5-14 4-94 5-23 5-21 4-95 4-74 4-82 Metre lengths 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lo-wer border No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Fo( ;tus lale O-I 15-16 16-17 17-18 i8-ig 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 2 2 16 30 18 13 I 6 5 3 I 0-45-0-63 0-88-1-24 1-03-1-80 0-70-1-87 0-73-1-78 0-79-1-84 1-02-1-55 1-07-1-59 0-92-1-43 0-54 1-06 1-34 1-34 1-24 1-42 1-65 1-29 1-25 X-14 1-71 2 I 2 17 30 19 13 I 7 7 7 2 2 2-70-3-75 3-83-6-75 2-86-6-98 2-43-6-65 2-63-6-05 3-90-6-25 2-88-4-50 3-43-6-28 3-28-5-44 3-47-6-55 4-23-4-94 3-23 1-26 S-29 4-86 4-52 4-34 4-90 5-49 3-87 4-84 4-08 5-01 4-59 2 2 16 31 21 14 7 7 6 2 2 io-00-io-ii 9-76-10-03 912-11-11 8-86-11-09 9-32-10-97 8-99-IO-92 8-85-10-77 9-22-10-68 8-55-11-07 10-42-10-52 9-38-10-27 10-06 9-90 9-So 9-83 10-05 9-94 10-13 10-15 9-86 10-47 9-83 2 2 12 25 14 14 I 7 6 5 2 2 12-36-13-75 13-20-13-33 12-36-13-62 11-98-14-78 12-47-13-68 12-21-13-90 12-39-14-07 12-76-14-04 11-98-13-25 I2-54-I3-20 I2-27-I2-74 13-06 13-27 13-04 13-14 13-17 13-05 13-64 13-36 13-19 12-65 12-87 12-50 1 Metre lengths 22. Skull length, condyle to tip of premaxilla 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin 25. Flukes, notch to tip No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale O-I 15-16 16-17 17-18 i8-ig 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 I I I — 23-43 22-50 23-12 I I — 14-47 14-71 2 I 2 15 26 17 13 I 6 I 2 2 8-99-10-00 8-46- 8-85 7-82-11-14 7-57- 9-74 7-83- g-ii 8-03- 9-98 8-30- 9-77 8-12-10-09 7-36- 8-96 7-22- 8-21 8-65- 9-01 9-50 8-84 S-65 8-68 8-55 8-52 8-88 9-15 8-80 8-99 8-22 7-71 8-83 2 8-09-10-00 9-05 DISCOVERY REPORTS Female Blue Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 2. Lower jaw, projection beyond tip of snout 3. Tip of snout to blowhole 4- Ti 3 of snout to angle of gape 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye Metre lengths No. of No. of ■ No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus O-I I — i-io 5 1 1 -61-13-40 12-69 5 14-06-16-56 15-99 5 1 6-48-1 8- 1 8 17-49 77 1-2 — — — 4 13-93-15-96 14-90 4 16-92-18-62 17-58 4 18-46-20-21 19-03 >» 2-3 3-4 4-5 ~ 6 13-94-1571 15-00 7 17-31-18-20 17-64 7 18-01-19-62 18-52 ,, — — — 6 14-77-17-54 15-52 4 17-51-18-12 17-77 6 17-27-19-06 18-26 „ 5-6 — — — I — 13-46 I — 16-73 I — 16-23 « 6-7 — — — I — 14-30 I — i8-io I — 17-78 Whale 16-17 — — — 3 14-58-17-42 16-17 3 14-03-18-35 1655 4 15-20-19-^2 17-86 „ 17-18 I — 1-85 6 14-61-17-21 15-99 3 16-85-18-54 17-90 6 17-25-19-55 18-51 „ 18-19 2 1-48-1-59 1-54 18 13-70-19-34 16-43 16 15-38-20-44 i8-ii 21 16-43-21-21 18-81 „ ig-20 I — 1-38 18 13-95-19-49 16-24 16 15-31-22-56 18-28 22 16-53-24-12 19-05 )» 20-21 I — 1-46 15 15-44-18-75 17-24 13 16-38-20-53 19-05 18 17-37-20-90 1959 )) 21-22 — — — 12 14-65-19-38 17-30 10 16-84-20-85 19-08 12 17-44-22-86 19-91 ,, 22-23 I — 1-77 15 16-63-19-65 17-85 9 18-90-20-66 19-56 16 19-56-21-83 20-28 ,, 23-24 — — — 20 16-48-20-96 18-38 6 19-06-21-37 2009 22 18-53-21-80 20-70 ,, 24-25 I — 1-57 25 15-94-20-45 18-29 4 19-67-20-52 20-07 27 19-20-22-67 20-82 ,, 25-26 2 1-82-2-48 2-15 49 16-43-21-60 19-16 7 18-38-21-18 20-12 53 19-21-22-87 21-18 ,, 26-27 I — 1-63 4g 16-54-20-65 18-89 8 19-01-21-44 20-38 53 19-43-23-67 21-l6 ,, 27-28 — — 8 16-21-19-56 18-41 I — 19-93 9 2004-2I-o8 20-58 " 28-29 ~ 2 18-75-19-68 19-22 I — 2I-8l 2 20-54-22-09 21-32 Metre lengths 10. Notch of flukes to anus 1 1 . Notch of flukes to umbilicus 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves 13. Anus to reproductive aperture, centres No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale O-I 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 5 4 7 6 I I 4 7 21 22 19 13 15 21 28 54 54 9 2 29-09-31-25 28-19-33-85 29-37-33-65 29-55-32-7° 28-75-33-84 29-S0-32-87 28-57-32-95 27-75-32-37 25-75-32-25 28-57-31-79 27-97-30-77 27-97-31-43 25-51-30-53 25-78-31-20 24-23-31-23 27-57-30-5° 27-27-27-86 3°-47 31-62 31-26 31-52 34-03 29-84 31-29 31-56 31-09 30-67 29-65 29-54 29-55 29-64 28-53 28-16 28-25 28-75 27-57 5 4 7 6 I I 4 7 21 22 16 12 15 20 27 52 53 9 2 4602-46-88 44-15-49-23 44-66-53-55 41-24-48-96 46-60-5 1 69 46-54-49-58 45-50-49-15 45-13-50-79 45-32-48-54 43-60-46-91 44-35-49-09 43-8S-49-57 41-90-46-99 41-S0-47-52 40-90-47-60 42-73-46-04 43-62-45-00 46-36 47-58 47-61 46-33 50-00 43-65 49-12 48-19 47-35 47-70 46-34 45-63 45-90 45-99 44-64 44-37 44-28 44-21 44-31 4 7 6 I I I 3 16 1 2 10 7 10 10 19 35 34 3 I 42-55-53-85 40-78-50-71 42-59-46-01 42-74-48-19 42-41-47-85 43-81-47-74 41-79-47-14 40-71-45-47 41-85-46-15 41-29-46-54 38-66-44-17 37-98-44-75 39-70-44-1° 41-29-43-24 48-20 44-92 44-39 50-00 41-90 45-26 45-51 44-43 45-67 44-09 43-36 43-69 43-22 42-18 41-78 41 -68 42-26 40-78 5 4 7 6 I I 4 7 21 22 17 13 15 ->-> 28 54 54 9 2 1-65-3-09 2-01-2-31 1-94-3-40 2-27-3-15 2-08-3-12 2-02-3-37 1-37-3-99 1-72-3-51 1-74-3-15 1-90-3-29 2-22-3-12 1-48-3-04 2-01-3-07 1-56-3-17 1-69-3-73 1-92-3-63 2-13-2-68 2-34 2-13 2-67 2-69 3-0S 1-90 2-56 2-38 2-77 2-63 2-5° 2-55 2-64 2-34 2-48 2-47 2-56 2-55 2-41 Metre lengths 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest width 20. Severed head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest width No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale O-I 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 5 4 6 5 I I 2 5 13 14 14 9 9 14 18 33 31 6 2 10-91-14-29 15-00-17-09 15-49-16-94 17-71-19-06 14-15-14-46 13-41-15-32 13-06-15-30 12-42-15-11 12-77-14-98 12-12-15-08 13-02-1506 12-72-14-96 1209-16-19 1201-15-94 12-22-15-17 11-44-15-86 13-65-14-18 12-74 16-07 16-16 18-45 16-73 19-52 14-31 14-13 13-97 13-64 13-77 13-85 14-33 14-13 14-14 13-87 13-75 13-17 13-92 5 4 6 6 I I 2 4 13 16 16 9 10 16 20 35 32 7 I 3-09-4-40 3-77-4-10 2-82-4-29 4-24-4-85 3-63-3-69 3-37-3-93 3-30-4-10 2-91-3-98 2-25-3-97 3-04-3-93 3-35-4-04 3-17-3-97 2-99-4-13 3-32-4-ig 3-32-4-18 3-25-4-00 378 3-93 3-90 4-50 4-62 4-76 3-66 3-63 3-60 3-63 3-52 3-61 3-74 3-63 3-62 3-67 3-74 3-59 3-71 2 5 9 15 15 1 1 1 1 13 20 40 33 6 2 23-09-24-02 21-07-24-30 21-50-26-24 21-99-25-34 21-84-26-42 2370-26-43 24-12-26-20 23-93-27-23 23-68-27-35 23-81-27-98 23-18-28-03 24-19-25-91 25-36-26-42 23-56 23-31 23-33 23-28 24-05 24-58 24-96 25-51 25-15 25-79 25-62 25-15 25-89 I 3 1 3 5 9 14 13 9 10 15 17 37 32 6 2 1473-15-43 9-85-11-11 10-50-12-92 10-90-12-29 10-71-12-41 10-58-12-40 11-03-12-71 II-IO-I2-23 10-43-12-55 10-39-12-85 10-16-13-56 9-47-12-97 IO-33-II-66 11-74-11-79 15-46 15-18 14-55 • 10-67 11-74 11-45 1 1 -60 11-49 11-89 11-65 11-65 11-55 1 1 -75 1 1 -60 11-06 11-77 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES Female Blue Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 283 1 6. Ti p of snout to tip of flipper 7. E> e to ear, centres 8. Notchof flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin 9. Flukes, width at insertion Metre - lengths No. of neasure- ments Range Mean i No. of -neasure- ments Range No. of Mean measure- ments Range No. of Mean measure- ments Range Mean Foetus o-i 1-2 2-3 5 4 7 40-63-43-64 43-08-46-28 42-79-45-28 41-71 44-21 44-51 2 4 5 7-53^-69 6-53-7-79 S-IO--7-I4 7-61 7-23 6-45 5 4 7 25-77-29-69 24-12-28-46 26-21-29-86 27-37 26-69 27-21 5 4 7 6-59-9-38 7-54-8-20 6-25-9-06 8-26 7-39 ■' 3-4 4-5 5 43-04-44-94 44-46 6 6-00-6-S2 6-42 5-96 5-87 5 23-86-28-81 26-80 25-00 27-46 5 6-54-8-26 7-42 6-15 JJ 5-6 6-7 I I Z 43-27 46-03 I I — I — 1 — 8-89 Whale 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 4 6 17 18 17 12 '3 19 24 49 43 6 2 37-78-42-45 38-44-42-74 38-44-42-55 38-86-44-61 39-45-44-40 38-05-44-29 41-08-44-28 41-84-45-73 38-84-46-56 41-38-46-00 40-92-4696 41-87-44-28 40-71-44-82 40-54 40-70 40-91 41-71 42-37 42-34 42-46 43-63 43-61 43-90 4391 42-64 42-77 3 6 19 20 13 10 14 15 21 46 ^8 4-61-5-26 4-66-5-95 4-92-6-20 4-65-6-87 4-68-5-91 4-88-5-85 4-98-5-88 4-85-6-03 4-91-6-20 4-S4-6-06 4-77-5-77 4-96-5-91 5-21-5-46 4-99 5-29 5-24 5-26 5-38 5-37 5-39 5-42 5-54 5-38 5-37 5-33 5-33 1 4 20 17 11 7 12 13 18 37 37 6 I 23-95-27-24 22-31-27-46 2366-27-95 23-74-27-54 24-14-25-89 22-67-26-40 22-55-25-80 22-27-25-69 20-51-26-94 21-72-25-97 23-25-24-80 23-73 25-23 25-27 2603 25-25 25-11 24-84 24-28 24-18 23-S7 23-76 24-11 23-05 4 7 19 20 17 13 14 18 25 50 52 6 3 5-54-571 4-46-5-90 4-86-6-43 4-69-6-30 4-90-5-96 4-76-5-79 4-67-5-87 4-69-5-93 4-78-6-07 4-26-5-62 4-52-6-06 4-49-5-54 4-60-4-82 5-6i 5-27 5-38 5-42 5-45 5-29 5-20 5-30 5-23 5-10 5-17 4-91 4-74 14. r )orsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, leng of base th 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Metre lengths No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus o-i 1-2 2-3 5 4 7 0-55-1-03 0-82-1-33 1-17-2-64 0-83 1-14 1-67 4 4 6 4-12-4-67 3-02-4-92 3-85-4-85 4-47 4-20 4-44 5 4 7 8-79-10-31 10-00-12-02 10-10-15-38 9-48 10-81 11-65 5 4 6 10-91-13-19 14-62-15-96 14-42-16-23 12-18 15-22 15-30 •• 3-4 4-5 5 1-53-2-06 1-7S 5 2-91-5-57 4-40 6-54 4-44 3-74 4-14 3-67 4-18 4-04 4-02 4-34 4-17 4-09 4-46 4-56 3-91 4-40 5 12-50-14-12 13-09 5 I 16-67-17-88 17-40 14-42 Whale 5-6 6-7 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 I I 2 4 17 16 14 9 12 14 19 37 33 6 I 1-23-1-47 0-95-1-57 0-77-1-80 0-87-2-55 0-70-1-84 1-05-1-S6 0-67-1-75 0-63-2-07 0-62-1-62 0-66-1-53 0-61-1-68 0-54-1-39 2-33 1-43 1-35 1-22 1-23 1-40 1-29 1-40 1-25 1-27 1-18 1-20 I-I7 1-04 1-17 I I 2 6 19 18 14 9 13 16 20 33 35 6 2 3-69-3-79 3-35-5-25 1-18-6-54 2-98-5-67 2-60-6-22 3-02-4-57 2-94-7-40 1-92-5-56 2-3S-6-02 3-10-6-32 3-05-6-69 2-44-6-62 4-18-4-62 I 3 6 18 21 17 12 12 18 19 42 ^8 2 9-61-10-70 8-91- 9-89 7-98-11-75 7-32-11-08 8-93-12-27 8-53-11-04 8-81-10-83 8-85-11-52 8-21-11-29 8-69-12-55 8-02-11-79 8-30-11-27 9-64-10-11 13-02 10-05 9-48 9-83 9-71 9-82 9-67 9-79 10-13 994 10-14 9-80 9-67 9-88 I 2 5 13 14 15 9 9 14 18 34 33 6 2 13-54-13-81 12-92-14-45 12-20-14-36 11-65-14-21 12-40-14-23 n-89-14-20 1200-14-61 11-92-14-23 1 1 -80-14-84 11-12-14-80 11-43-14-75 10-83-15-68 12-86-13-05 18-73 13-68 13-41 13-20 12-S7 1 3 04 13-26 13-56 13-37 13-46 13-11 13-01 12-57 12-96 22. S kuU length, condyle 23. I lipper, tip to \ lead 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin 25. I ^lukes, notch t tip Metre lengths to tip of premaxilla of humerus No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean s 9-09-10-94 10-01 3 9-09- 9-89 945 Foetus O-I — — 4 9-02-11-17 9-81 4 10-77-12-29 11-57 )) 1-2 2-3 3-4 _ — — 6 9-61-12-32 10-95 5 11-55-1472 13-26 >> — — — — — Z 6 965-12-78 10-93 3 12-11-14-77 13-43 4-5 — 1 — 11-55 ^j 5-6 — — — 1 — 10-79 >» 6-7 X 8-87 — — — Whale 16-17 — 2 9-39- 994 9-67 — — ,, 17-18 — 13 8-23-10-07 8-95 — " 18-19 19-20 I — 22-67 I — 15-71 11 4 8-16-IO-31 8-74- 9-85 9-39 9-20 — — — ,, 20-21 — 4 7-98-10-07 9-13 — ,, 21-22 — 8 8-57-10-18 9-33 — ,, 22-23 — 9 7-89-1 1 -00 9-77 — j^ 23-24 — 14 8-25-11-06 9-54 — — ,, 24-25 I 24-95 30 7-78-11-37 9-65 — — ,, 25-26 — 28 ■ 7-84-10-65 9-23 — jj 26-27 — 4 7-47- 9-07 8-32 — " 27-28 28-29 — — — — — — 1 10-71 A-1 284 DISCOVERY REPORTS Female Blue Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 2. Lower jaw, projection 3- Tip 4. Tip of snout to angle 5. Tip of snout to centre beyond tip of snout ot gape or eye Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus O-I — — — I — 12-50 I — 16-07 I — 17-86 Whale 13-14 1 4-1 5 z — — 2 I3-II-I3-S4 1348 2 14-61-14-84 14-73 2 14-98-15-63 15-30 > 15-16 16-17 z — 7 I4-49-I6-86 1604 7 16-86-19-56 18-16 7 16-92-19-68 18-65 17-1S — — — 16 I5-47-I7-6I 16-53 15 17-13-19-52 18-47 16 18-04-20-55 18-98 i8-ig I — 1-04 25 i5-28-i8-o8 16-47 22 17-47-19-14 18-25 28 17-89-19-94 18-88 19-20 — — — 23 i5-26-i8i4 16-63 19 17-10-20-25 18-60 23 17-78-20-66 19-17 20-2 X I — o-gs 1 1 i5-i9-i8-20 17-17 8 18-13-20-00 ig-26 12 17-93-21-49 20-02 21-22 — — — 8 i6-58-i9-02 17-82 7 18-43-20-66 19-63 8 19-21-21-27 20-33 22-23 — — — 5 i7-i8-i9-55 17-92 2 19-64-20-22 19-93 5 20-23-21-79 20-74 23-24 — — — 2 I7-S5-I9-28 18-42 I — 20-75 2 20-21-21-38 20-79 24-25 — — — 6 i6-23-20-i6 18-45 2 18-47-20-96 19-72 6 18-88-22-37 20-92 25-26 — — — 7 i7-73-ig-84 19-63 3 20-12-21-67 20-99 7 20-43-22-29 21-09 26-27 — — — 9 I8-25-I9-73 18-96 3 20-60-21-02 2075 9 21-17-22-9S 21-49 27-28 — — I — 18-19 — — — I — 20-07 10. Notch of flukes 11. Notch of flukes to 12. Notch of flukes to end 13. Anus to reproductive to anus umbilicus of ventral grooves aperture, centres Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus O-I 1 — 30-36 1 44-64 — — — I — 1-79 Wl lale 13-14 14-15 2 32-62-33-93 33-28 2 50-54-52-28 51-41 2 48-75-50-19 49-97 2 2-02-2-87 2-45 15-16 16-17 7 30-92-33-93 31-76 7 47-33-49-70 48-59 6 45-56-48-03 46-44 7 2-50-3-27 2-91 17-18 IS 29-66-33-23 3139 16 42-29-50-3S 47-80 1 1 43-50-46-59 45-09 14 1-97-3-75 2-62 18-19 27 28-95-32-25 30-79 26 46-13-50-26 47-77 20 42-89-48-05 45-20 26 2-05-3-14 2-69 19-20 23 24-12-33-07 30-56 24 40-67-49-37 47-09 18 40-52-46-98 44-57 22 1-95-3-12 2-65 20-21 1 1 26-98-31-95 29-61 1 1 43-84-48-50 46-68 9 42-23-46-33 44-06 10 2-39-2-98 2-71 21-22 8 28-77-31-05 29-74 8 45-47-47-46 46-53 6 42-69-45-21 44-05 8 1-87-3-05 262 22-23 5 28-19-31-13 29-55 5 44-19-46-81 45-54 4 38-93-45-14 42-63 5 2-24-2-58 2-39 23-24 2 29-18-30-18 29-65 2 45-91-46-23 46-07 2 42-30-42-55 42-43 2 2-72-2-96 2-84 24-25 6 27-57-30-I7 28-62 6 44-15-47-62 45-60 4 41-73-45-55 43-66 5 201-3-29 2-87 25-26 7 28-40-31-13 28-30 7 42-80-47-10 44-81 7 39-30-44-31 42-74 7 2-33-2-89 2-6o 26-27 9 27-3S-30-O7 28-27 9 43-20-46-24 44-73 9 40-61-45-48 42-37 9 2-29-3-04 2-69 27-28 I — 28-84 I — 46-50 1 — 44-11 1 — 2-75 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest width 20. Se vered head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest \\ idth Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus O-I — — — 1 — 3-57 — — — — — Wl lale 13-14 14-15 2 13-91-14-98 14-45 t 3-66-4-49 4-07 — — — — — — 15-16 16-17 2 14-62-14-63 14-63 2 3-63-3-66 3-65 3 21-30-24-75 22-84 2 10-71-10-87 10-79 17-18 15 12-62-14-60 13-56 13 3-31-4-04 3-74 8 23-18-25-72 24-13 7 10-33-13-50 11 -24 18-19 22 12-43-14-45 13-72 22 3-22-3-87 3-64 16 22-37-24-49 23-14 12 9-89-11-58 10-79 19-20 18 12-84-15-72 13-84 17 3-18-3-95 3-68 1 1 22-52-25-29 23-58 8 10-31-11-59 11-00 20-21 8 12-75-14-27 13-53 9 3-28-3-72 3-55 7 23-10-25-95 24-29 7 10-99-12-20 11-53 21-22 8 12-80-13-95 13-42 8 3-29-3-78 3-56 4 23-11-24-76 24-05 2 11-44-11-71 11-58 22-23 4 12-45-14-06 13-03 4 3-41-3-83 3-62 2 2522-25-80 25-51 I 11-36 23-24 2 13-53-13-66 13-60 2 3-56-3-59 3-58 I — 26-41 1 — 10-90 24-25 5 1 1-88-14-31 13-19 5 3-44-3-90 3-68 3 22-57-27-21 25-65 3 10-88-12-75 11-88 25-26 6 12-85-14-41 13-58 6 3-39-3-70 3-59 5 24-16-27-08 25-96 5 10-60-12-37 11-68 26-27 6 12-33-14-85 13-72 7 3-18-3-75 3-60 6 25-75-28-35 26-48 6 1 1-11-15-91 12-08 27-28 1 3-41 1 25-00 I — 10-66 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES Female Blue Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length. 28s Metre lengths 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper 7. Eye to ear, centres 8 . Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin 9. Flukes, width at insertion No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Fo W etus lale O-I 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 I 2 6 13 22 23 1 1 8 3 2 6 6 8 I 37-53-37-83 3988-42-60 39-54-42-94 39-45-43-27 39-21-45-18 39-75-44-22 40-55-43-52 42-27-43-18 42-93-44-44 39-96-45-67 42-51-46-24 42-48-45-59 41-07 37-73 41-19 41-38 41-44 41-45 42-13 42-87 42-80 43-69 43-53 44-11 44-48 42-68 2 7 14 25 22 10 8 4 I 6 7 9 I 5-02-5-23 4-14-5-67 5-04-5-67 4-78-5-68 4-67-5-47 5-12-5-87 523-5-67 4-54-5-85 5- 17-5-60 5-10-5-82 5-00-5-93 5-12 5-29 5-34 5-27 5-22 5-41 5-41 5-37 5-45 5-40 5-39 5-35 5-22 I 2 6 12 17 9 6 4 2 4 7 9 I 27-46-27-49 24-32-26-68 23-89-27-97 23-11-27-39 24-50-28-35 23-26-26-75 23-96-26-16 23-78-24-16 23-98-25-50 23-58-25-46 23-24-27-02 21-82-24-81 26-80 27-48 25-74 25-55 25-49 25-95 25-29 25-04 2400 24-74 24-74 24-69 23-82 25-18 I 2 7 15 28 24 12 8 5 2 6 7 9 I 6-13-6-29 4-76-5-86 4-80-5-87 505-6-02 4-68-5-97 4-78-5-59 4-66-5-53 4-86-5-50 507-5-66 4-98-5-34 4-63-5-27 4-41-5-26 8-93 6_23 525 5-36 5-35 5-27 5-31 5-10 5-19 5-37 519 5-09 5-05 4-96 Metre lengths 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale O-I 13-14 1 4-1 5 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 I 2 6 12 21 19 10 5 5 I 3 7 9 I 1-22-2-32 I -00-1-42 0-89-1-62 0-84-2-09 0-94-1-85 0-79-1-90 0-99-1-24 1-09-1-52 0-91-1-65 0-54-1-47 0-85-1-76 0-89 1-97 1-18 1-25 1-26 1-25 1-34 III 1-24 1-31 1-35 1-02 1-26 0-91 I 2 5 12 23 19 10 7 5 I 4 7 9 I 3-58-6-37 2-95-406 3-44-5-90 2-76-7-49 2-54-6-70 2-23-5-74 2-84-4-76 3-08-6-71 4-14-6-65 2-79-4-71 3-22-4-69 3-57 4-98 3-48 5-i8 4-74 4-26 396 3-93 4-41 4-73 5-24 3-72 3-93 4-22 I 2 6 15 26 21 10 8 4 2 5 7 7 I 10-19-10-61 892-10-59 888-10-39 8-81-10-86 8-57-11-25 8-28-10-15 8-83-10-67 9-03-10-04 8-64- 9-72 8-82-1028 8-59-10-94 9-20-10-91 10-71 10-40 9-86 9-54 9-96 9-69 9-41 9-65 951 9-18 9-55 9-53 10-03 1 1 02 I 2 2 16 22 19 9 8 4 5 5 6 I 12-90-13-86 13-49-13-60 12-01-13-48 II -78-1 3 -84 10-99-14-55 11-50-13-45 12-21-13-48 12-04-13-12 12-15-12-98 11-39-13-58 12-39-13-23 11-65-13-94 12 13 13 12 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 SO 38 55 86 06 04 67 84 38 57 59 80 85 89 Metre lengths 22. Skull length, condyle to tip of premaxilla 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin 25. Flukes, notch to tip No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale o-i 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 ig-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 2 22-00-22-IO 22-05 2 I 13-82-15-10 14-46 12-65 I 2 5 II 18 17 8 6 3 2 4 7 7 I 10-71-10-75 7-37- 8-87 7-97- 9-44 7-45- 9-57 6-58- 889 7-31- 9-61 8-06- 9-52 7-27- 9-62 9-OI-IO-57 8-68-10-08 7-78-10-23 8-06- 9-86 8-93 10-73 8-24 8-66 8-45 8-21 8-70 8-78 8-60 9-79 9-36 8-78 890 7-72 I — 9-82 286 DISCOVERY REPORTS The above tables have been drawn up for two purposes : (a) As a criterion of the alterations in bodily proportions which occur as the total length of the whale increases. (b) To provide a standard of comparison between the whales of South Georgia or South Africa and the whales of any other localities. The first object is considered below. As regards the second, the tables have been prepared to provide for such cases as that of an investigator who, having procured a number of measurements of Blue whales from a locality in some other part of the world, wishes to ascertain whether these whales difli'er in any way from those of the South Georgia or South African region. Such measurements would be compared with averages given in the table under the appropriate whale-lengths, but it would also be required to know how much deviation could be allowed for individual variation. For this reason the maximum and minimum readings of the measurements from which each average is calculated are quoted in the table in addition to the average figure itself. The value for this purpose of these maxima and minima is of course dependent on the number of readings from which they are taken and the number of readings is there- fore also quoted in each case. Under some whale-lengths the number of readings is insufficient to show the extent of deviation which might occur, but by reference to other columns there would be no difficulty in forming an idea of how much margin should be allowed for individual variation. In this way a series of measurements of even a single whale from some other locality could be profitably compared with the averages given in the tables. Comparisons of bodily proportions are in general best made by reference to the tables themselves, but the variations of the bodily proportions according to the length of the whale are more conveniently shown by means of charts. In Figs, i to 23 the averages shown in the table are plotted for each metre of whale-length in the case of measurements 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20 and 24. The other measurements do not show any definite variation with the whale-length or other points of interest. The figures show in the first place no significant diflPerence in the shapes of the curves for the two sexes except in the case of No. 13 (anus to reproductive aperture) to which reference has already been made. In the second place no distinction can be drawn in respect of these curves between whales of South Georgia and South Africa, at least so far as the majority of the graphs are concerned. There are some slight diff'erences between the whales of the two localities in respect of the interval between the anus and reproductive aperture in males (Fig. 19), the length of the flipper (Figs. 20 and 21) and the depth of the tail (Figs. 22 and 23), but these are really very slight and need not be regarded as of any significance. With the exception then of the genito-anal measurements the averages for male and female Blue whales may be considered together. The averages for foetuses have not been included in the graphs as there are not yet sufficient data upon which to base sound conclusions so far as they are concerned. It will be seen that in both sexes the percentage measurements referring to the anterior end of the whale (see Figs, i to 10) show a more or less regular proportional EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 287 Fig, IS 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES I. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 3. Tip of snout to blowhole. ft « • ' *v / 19- X >C/ v^ H <-18- -rx Z »'/ w ^ «Z^-/ ►J17- J <: ,T H m^^*" / * y>n^ H *c^ X ^"^ U.16- u %15- f H / z u / ^u- f W d. i w 13- < Di UJ > < 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 2. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 3. Tip of snout to blowhole. t i\ 21- a /. /r\ ■ H ' J ~ \i 20- f / \ z J / \ vi 0^ \ ^ ^19- >\/ " 1- \ / /N V7 *"' i- 0. 18- / J UJ 1 1 < 17- 1 H 1 z 1 UJ 1 u 1 D! 16- 1 w Ch W Sl5- ce: UJ > < 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 3. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape. South Georgia whales. 21- /, ''~^' / s / . 1 1 H i ^^^^K 1 O20- i / z -' / v' U4 ," / •-1 ^19- *f—~^ H 1- '^ *^ u. 18-1 / ^^ UJ t 1 1 1 <17- t 1 1 1 Z UJ « 16- UJ ^ / UJ 1 Sl5- / 0: UJ > < \ 1 1 1 1 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 4. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape. South African whales. DISCOVERY REPORTS ^ 9 ^ cv * 21- '' / ^^"— T X .^ J 1- »' JT C20- % % / X Z % /^/ w \ Mi^ i-i \ . r \/y O ^^ H j U.18- 1 o 1 w 1 o / <17- H. z u) (J 0!16- w Cu UJ S15- (i: td > < I 1 1 1 1 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 5. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye. .A .' 1 / 21- e'-^i / \ / ^"/^ V 1 • X y H .*'' y^ ' C 20- '' >^ Z , yT UJ / ^ hJ ' -J19- < '^■>^ H / y^ ' / H 1 / U.18- / UJ / u < r I I, 1 '. 1 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 6. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye. -1 1 r 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 7. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper. South Georgia whales. * y 44- K f- "^X i- // \ '^ 43- ' \ Z /■ — 1 V UJ / f w - u / ^^ :^42- it 1- // —-a' H ^•'' / U.41- /■ / UJ / / <40- # j_ •»" / Z / UJ u «39- U) b / w / ^38- t tC, 1 < ,' ' ' ' 1 I ' 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 8. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper. South African whales. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 289 1 1 1 r 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 9. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. "1 r- 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 10. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. 29- » H " 28- •z. u ^ , ^27- H H 1^ 20- \ A ;. \ ,\ A w /« ^ I N / \ ( \ ,' V- "^ \ H -^' 1 V V'\ ^> A Z r V * M 1 \^ \ U OS 1- / y N^ &. \ / w \ / S23- v' M w > < ' 1 1— 1 1 ! 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES II. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin. Fig. 29- K H Oos_ z v^ u \ :^27- \ i' , e- \ \ u. 26- \ J. **^_ v\ <25- A"^^ ■'Nj. / Z 1 ■> X*" -V u> u 1 » / ^-"-^ ^ ' « 04- 1 ^^*^ A b \ UJ \ S23- cc: UJ > < 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES South Georgia whales. Fig. 12. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin. South African whales. 290 DISCOVERY REPORTS 13 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES N 33 X O or,. Z " \ PJ \ ~i X* •^^w ^31- '-\ H ■'^. O H \ t 30- Y ^ / O V/'^'''^ / UJ ^**'""~— \\ ; o ^29- V''*\ / z \ ^ 1 /\ UJ V \ y\ U \.^^ \ «28- ^"""^ \ w " c- \ Ul O <27- ci; UJ > < Fig. 13. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 10. Notch of flukes to anus. 15 L'O 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 14. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 10. Notch of flukes to anus. 40- 48- > ^ <\ 47- / 46- '' \ \ 1 \ 45- i 1 \ «- \ 43- 15 20 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 15. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. II. Notch of flukes to umbilicus. South Georgia whales. 2U 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 16. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. II. Notch of flukes to umbilicus. - - - South African whales. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 291 -r 15 'JO LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES -r 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 17. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 12. Fig. 18. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. g«- < - 1- z U « 3' 13 —I — 20 — I — 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 19. Blue whales (upper curves males, lower curves females). Measurement No. 13. Anus to reproductive aperture. South Georgia whales. South African whales. 5-2 292 DISCOVERY REPORTS "■ T ' I 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 20. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. Measurement No. 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. (See below.) — I 1 1 1 15 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES 1 1 1 r -1 1 r 1 1 r Fig. 21. Female Blue whales. Measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. Measurement No. 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. S. Georgia! ht S.Africa / Measurement No. i- S. Georgia! , , S Africa I Measurement No. 18. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 293 — I 1 1 1 1 r 15 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES -| 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 r- Fig. 22. Male Blue whales. Measurement No. 24. Depth of tail at dorsal fin. -I 1 \ 1 1 T J, 15 " LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 23. Female Blue whales. .Measurement No. 24. Depth of tail at dorsal fin. South Georgia whales. South African whales. 294 DISCOVERY REPORTS increase as the total length of the whale increases from i6 to 26 m. At about 26 m. in females and 25 m. in males a change occurs in this process and the size of the head begins to decrease in proportion to the rest of the body, as is shown by a sudden turning down of the curve when the greater lengths are reached. Contrasting strongly with this we find a lag in growth of the tail region. The curves for measurements of the posterior part of the body (Figs. 11 to 18) are almost mirror images of those for the anterior part. In the graphs of the first two or shorter measure- ments (notch of flukes to dorsal fin, and to anus. Figs. 11 to 14) the lag is less marked than in the two longer measurements (notch of flukes to umbilicus and to ventral grooves. Figs. 15 to 18), so that although the whole tail region undergoes a proportional decrease to compensate for the increase of the head and shoulders, the greatest lag in growth occurs in the region between the anus and the umbilicus. Corresponding 13-5 M. 26-3 M. Fig. 24. Greatest difference in average relative sizes of the head and tail in small and large female Blue whales. to the slight reduction in the size of the head at 25 or 26 m., there is a tendency for a slight increase in the size of the tail at about these lengths. The proportions of the head and tail in 13-5 m. and 26-5 m. whales are contrasted in the outline sketches in Fig. 24. Hinton (191 5, p. 75), dealing with twenty male Humpbacks examined by Barrett- Hamilton, found that measurements of (a) snout to axilla, (b) notch of flukes to penis, (c) notch of flukes to navel, {d) notch of flukes to posterior insertion of the dorsal fin, become relatively shorter as growth proceeds, and concluded that, during adolescence, the thoracic region was the principal seat of growth in the Humpback bull. An examination of the percentage measurements of immature and mature Fin and Blue whales listed by Hinton (pp. 104 and 134) reveals a proportional increase anteriorly and a decrease posteriorly similar to that which has been described above. The general conclusion is that with increasing total length, up to a point, the anterior part of the body up to the axilla becomes relatively larger and the posterior part corre- spondingly smaller. It may reasonably be inferred that so long as these steady changes EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 295 in bodily proportions are taking place full physical maturity has not yet been reached. It is possible, however, that the rather profound change indicated after 25 m. in males and 26 m. in females is concerned with physical maturity, but more measurements of these very large whales are needed before one can ascertain whether the relative proportions of the body alter at this period or whether perhaps abnormally large whales are abnormal in their proportions as well as in their size. So far only the mean values of the measurements have been considered. The individual variations which occur are best examined by the method of frequency curves; that is, the range of values over which each measurement varies may be divided into groups and the number of individual measurements for each group may be plotted out to form a curve. Owing to the fact that a certain amount of variation depends on the length of the whale it is not permissible to draw curves which include all the measurements which have been made. There are relatively large numbers of measure- ments for males about 23 and 24 m. and females about 25 and 26 m. Thus by using the bodily measurements of males measuring from 23-00 m. to 24-99 "^- ^^^ ^^^ females from 25-00 m. to 26-99 m. we have enough material for the construction of curves which will at least show the nature and approximate extent of the individual variations which occur. One could perhaps apply a correction for length, but the value of the result would hardly be sufficient to make such an enormous task worth while. In the following tables and in Figs. 25 to 44 this plan is carried out. In the tables the range of values obtained for each measurement (still of course expressed as per- centages of the total length) is divided into an arbitrary number of groups . The individual readings of each measurement for male Blue whales from South Georgia measuring from 23-00 m. to 24-99 m. and females from 25-00 m. to 26-99 m. are sorted out, and the number which fall into each of the groups are shown. 296 DISCOVERY REPORTS VARIATION OF MEASUREMENTS Blue Whales: South Georgia Males, 23-25 m.; females 25-27 m. 3. Tip of snout to 4. Tip of snou t to 5. Tip of snout to 6. Tip of snout to 7. Eye to ear blowhole angle of gape centre of eye tip of flipper (centres) Range of values (% of total Number of readings Range of values (% of total Number of readings Range of values (% of total Number of readings Range of values (% of total Number of readings Range of values (% of total Number of readings length) (? ? length) 3 ? length) (? ? length) -^ \ \ /\ /I \ / 1 \ / \^ / 1 \/ \ \ / / \ \ / / \\ A / / \y/ \ y^ 1 \/ ^ \ / ^ -/ \ / /^ \ y JT ^ -^"'K y ^ A 44 — r- 47 T 1 1 ' 1— 41 42 43 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 33. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 11. Notch of flukes to umbihcus. 25- 20L IS- gio- n S M K U Vi < m S 5- u. OS w en S A A / V / \ /As / A / ^ \ 7 ^^ \ 1 — ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 84 86 ! 38 40 42 44 46 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 34. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 303 50- 40- /\ - / \ 80- / \ - / \ I/) / \ t 20- / 1 2 / I ^ / \ ' » 05 '' ' V5 < Ui Sio- \ / U4 1 / \ / / \ / \ 1 1 1 1 ' r- 2 3-1 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 35. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 13. Anus to reproductive aperture, centres. PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 36. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height. Males. Females. 304 DISCOVERY REPORTS 15- t^ A on £10- u :l '---y \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 1 \\ < 1 X S 5- 1 1 Vi L. o V n n J Vi^ S -'" X - 2 8 4 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 37. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 15. Dorsal fin, length of base. 7 8 9 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT 10 Fig. 38. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 16. Flipper, tip to axilla Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 305 ~i ' 1 ' r 10 11 12 ?ERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT 15 10 Fig. 39. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. -r 11 12 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 40. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 18. Flipper, length alons curve of lower border. Males. Females. 3o6 DISCOVERY REPORTS n 1 r Sn 3-2 34 ERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 41. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 19. Flipper, greatest width. 25- 20- A A IS- A { 1 \ / / \ ^_J /.^ \ / OS / / V \\ yf \\ \\ / ** CQ 5! / ^^ ' z J — . — ■ -^^-> , 1 I r 1 — 1 — - ■ I 1 1 ■ ^'':^^ . — -- 23 24 25 2ti 27 28 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 42. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 307 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 43. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 21. Skull, greatest width. -i ' r 678 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 44. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin. Males. Females. 7-2 3o8 DISCOVERY REPORTS We may consider first the degree of variation shown by each measurement. In this respect the actual spread of the curve is not to be rehed on, for the range of percentage measurement values (shown as abscissae) is not on the same scale in all the charts. Perhaps the best idea of the amount of variation is to be had by dividing the largest reading by the smallest. Thus, in No. 21, "Greatest width of skull," except for two "outsize" measurements, the largest reading is only 1-3 times as great as the smallest, indicating a narrow range of variation, while in No. 14, "Vertical height of dorsal fin," the largest reading is nine times as great as the smallest, indicating a very wide range of variation. It should be mentioned, however, that No. 14 (like Nos. 12 and 15) is a bad measurement in the sense that it is difficult to take it each time in a uniform manner, and the wide range of the readings may be due, to a limited extent, to this cause. It will be unnecessary to discuss the range of variation of each measurement, as this can be seen at a glance from the tables, and the information may be supplemented by reference to the charts on pp. 298-307. Normal variation should give normal frequency curves from data treated in this way, and with one or two exceptions the curves are undoubtedly of this type. Minor irregularities can be attributed to the comparatively limited data from which they are constructed. Of the curves which do not conform to the normal frequency type measurement No. 4 (males) may be quickly disposed of since its lack of shape is simply due to paucity of data. Measurement No. 8 is somewhat erratic, but would probably resolve itself into a normal curve with more data. The curves which need more careful examination are those of measurements Nos. 13, 15, 17 and 20, for either in one or both sexes these curves show a tendency to resolve themselves into two peaks. One object of studying the variations of the external characters is to find whether by any chance more than one race is to be distinguished among the whales examined, and if any measurement constituted a distinguishing feature between two such races the probable effect would be two separate maxima in the frequency curve. On the other hand, two peaks in this curve, if not very marked, might be due to chance (unless constructed from a great number of readings) or to faults in the actual taking of the measurements, for there are one or two cases in which there is always some doubt as to the exact point to which the measurement should be taken. Although measurement No. 20 increases relatively as the whale length becomes greater, the variations of measurements Nos. 13, 15 and 17 are independent of the length of the whale. Thus for these three measurements we may compare the curves already obtained with curves constructed from the whole of the data relating to Blue whales instead of only those between certain lengths. In other words, we may see whether these double-peaked curves can be shown to be in reality single when a larger amount of data is used. In measurement No. 20 this irregularity appears only in the curve for females. Now the length of the head is very little affected by the length of the body between about 23 and 28 m. (see table on p. 282), so that we may at least draw EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 309 . . 6 7 8 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 45. Male Blue and Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 13. Anus to reproductive aperture. (Whales of all sizes.) 100- 80- 60- 1 -40- / // li 1 00 // < S2O- 1 // s y/ / ~\ vN 1 < 1 ■ n 2 3 + PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 46. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 15. Dorsal fin, length at base. (Whales of all sizes.) Males. Females. 310 DISCOVERY REPORTS 100- 80- N A / <\ 60- r \ L // V Wl // v 2*0- // V S \ UJ u (4 / / y \ < / / \ w V S20- / ; V / / \ S 2 1 -T T 1 --I r— --«=?=• T -^ 10 11 12 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 47. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. (Whales of all sizes.) T 23 2i 23 :ENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT 1^ 29 Fig. 48. Blue whales. Variations of measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. (Whales of 23-00 to 27-99 metres.) Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 311 a curve for this measurement from a somewhat larger number of readings by taking all Blue females between 23 m. and 28 m. instead of, as before, between 25 m. and 27 m. In Figs. 45, 46, 47 and 48 these revised curves are shown. Those for measurements Nos. 13, 15 and 17 are constructed on readings from whales of all sizes, while that for No. 20 is on readings from whales between 23 m. and 28 m. It is now seen that the curves of Nos. 15, 17 and 20 have resolved themselves into more or less normal frequency curves, and that the two peaks which appeared previously were therefore due only to insufficient data. As to measurement No. 13 it has been found on further investigation and from information recently received from Mr Fraser at South Georgia, that the two peaks in the curves result from the fact that the measurement has been taken sometimes before and sometimes after flensing, and it appears that this process displaces the penis so as to shorten the distance between it and the anus. The same phenomenon occurs in Fin whales and for purposes of comparison the curve for this species is also shown in Fig. 45. COLOUR Various descriptions have from time to time been given of the colouring of Blue whales from the North Atlantic. Of these the best seems to be that of True (1904), who gives an exhaustive general description and detailed notes of the nature and variations of the pigmentation of twenty-two Blue whales examined by himself. Barrett-Hamilton made brief notes on some half-dozen of the Blue whales he examined, but it appears that no thorough account of the colouring of these whales from the southern hemisphere has yet been given. The following is based on our own observations on whales of the South Atlantic : The pigmentation of Blue whales is subject to considerable individual variation, and the majority of the records we have made in respect of this character have dealt simply with the more variable features. Except on the under surface of the flippers the Blue whale's body is covered nearly all over with a groundwork of dark blue-grey which varies to some extent in depth of colour in different individuals. Most of the body is covered with a pale mottling which consists of small, roughly oval marks of a colour which is similar to, but lighter than the blue-grey background. Typical examples of these spots are shown in Plate XXVII, figs. I and 2. Plate XXXVII, fig. 4,givesaclose-up view of part of the back of the whale shown in Plate XXVII, fig. i , taken at a point just opposite the reflexed flipper. These pale spots show a good deal of individual variation in respect of their size, number and sharpness of contrast with the darker background. They rarely appear on the head (see Plate XXVIII, fig. i) and are not commonly present on the mandible, flippers or tail flukes. They are most thickly distributed along the flanks from the eye back to the tail and are often very numerous in the shoulder region. Their normal arrangement here is shown in Plate XXVIII, fig. i . These marks are on the average about 4 in. long by about 3 in. wide, but vary in difl'erent individuals and on difl'erent parts of the body. For 313 DISCOVERY REPORTS instance, they are generally very small just behind the eye and relatively larger along the posterior part of the flanks. In individuals in which these marks are in general small they are usually relatively sharply defined, while in other individuals they are bigger and more difl^use, in which case they often coalesce to a large extent and may occupy actually more space than the dark background. In others again they may be of medium size and if very numerous run together so as almost to obliterate the darker colour. Plate XXVIII, fig. 2, gives an example of a whale in which the spots are moderately large, very numerous and coalescing to an unusual extent. These pale spots may also be seen here and there on the ventral grooves, where, however, they are less noticeable than on other parts of the body. On the ventral grooves there are almost invariably a number of white flecks more or less similar in size and shape to the pale bluish spots. The numbers in which these spots occur con- stitutes the most marked feature of the variations in the pigmentation of Blue whales. A typical or average condition is shown in Plate XXX, fig. i, but Figs, i, 2 and 3 in Plate XXIX and Figs, i , 2 and 3 in Plate XXX form a series which illustrate the range of variation. These white flecks tend to be grouped on each side towards the posterior end of the ventral grooves. They are usually also fairly numerous beneath the flipper on each side and are sometimes even more plentiful here than at the posterior end of the ventral grooves. In extreme cases there may be hardly a white fleck anywhere, as in Plate XXIX, fig. I , or the whole grooved area behind the flipper region may be a mass of white as in Plate XXX, fig. 3. On the whale illustrated in this photograph the flecks, though very numerous, were not very sharply defined and had to some extent coalesced so as to produce a cloudy white effect. PlateXXIX,fig. 3, and Plate XXX, figs, i and 2, show intermediate conditions. The flecks shown in Plate XXIX, fig. 3, are mostly grouped further forward than usual, whilst these shown in Plate XXX, fig. 2, are concentrated well back and to each side. Not infrequently there is a white splash over the umbilicus as in Plate XXX, fig. 3. The white flecks sometimes extend behind the umbilicus, and cases have been recorded in which the white has coalesced on each side of the umbilicus to form a pair of transversely placed, elongated white patches which are usually, but not always, symmetrical (see Plate XXXI, fig. i). Slightly pitted white spots occur frequently on the flanks and tail region, but these are healed scars and will be considered separately in another section (p. 373). The flippers are pigmented over the greater part of the outer surface, but have little and sometimes no pigment on the inner, or ventral, surface. There is a certain amount of individual variation here. A common condition is that shown in Plate XXX, fig. i, where there is a streak of pigment running from a point near the apex of the flipper, forwards to about the middle of the inner surface and a small patch curving over the anterior part of the lower border from the outer surface of the flipper. Frequently, however, the inner surface is pure white. An example of this is shown in Plate XXVII, fig. I . In this whale the flipper has been almost cut in half and the distal part turned forward so that the inner surface is shown. In other cases, which are not very common, almost the whole of the inner surface is covered with streaky pigment (see Plate XXXI, EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 313 fig. 2). Though the outer surface of the flipper is nearly all pigmented the tip is usually white. One other variable feature in the pigmentation of Blue whales appears on the under surface of the flukes. The upper surface is normally of a uniform blue-grey. The under surface is rather paler and in most cases shows a number of fine whitish striations which run in an antero-posterior direction (Plate XXXI, fig. 3). These are not usually very noticeable and sometimes are not to be seen at all. In other individuals they are strongly marked, and in one case (whale No. 819) they were so pronounced that the anterior half of the ventral surface of the flukes was practically white. It is a fairly general rule that well-marked fluke striations are associated with a lack of pigment under the flippers. From the photographs and description given by True of the pigmentation of Blue whales from the North Atlantic it is certain that there is no important difli'erence in this respect between the Blue whales of the North and South Atlantic. In fact, so far as the pattern of the pigmentation is concerned, his account might be applied in almost every detail to the whales we have examined in the south. In the foetus the first signs of external pigmentation appear when it measures about 0-5 m. Up to this stage the body has a uniform pinkish or greyish appearance. Now, however, there is a faint darkening on the head, round the jaws and inside the mouth. The pigment seems to appear first on the extremities and to spread over the dorsal surface from the head backwards. At about 1-5 m. pigment can be recognized on the head, rostrum and mandible, along the anterior part of the back, and on the dorsal surface of the flukes. At about 2-0 m. it becomes general over the dorsal surface but remains rather thin except on the head and extremities. From about 2-5 to 3-0 m. all the markings of the adult pigmentation become distinguishable except on the ventral surface. It is not until the length increases to 4 or 5 m. that the whole pattern is completed and even the large foetuses of 5 or 6 m. remain paler than the adult with less sharply defined spots and flecks. BALEEN As in the case of the colour of whales, observations have been made on the baleen with the main object of studying the variations which may occur. There are also points of interest in a comparison of the development of the baleen with the rate of growth of the young whale. Routine observations included the counting of the numbers of plates, measuring the length of the longest plates from base to tip (excluding the terminal bristles) and the spacing of the longest plates (by measuring the average spacing of ten). A few measure- ments were made of the width of the plates at the base, but this is an awkward measure- ment to make and diflicult to perform accurately. The baleen is of great importance from the systematic point of view, for the species of a whale can almost always be recognized from a single whalebone plate. In Blue whales it is rather coarse and short and is of a uniform blue-black colour not differing 314 DISCOVERY REPORTS much except in tone from the colour of the skin. The bristles on the inner edges of the plates are of the same dark colour. It will be convenient first to consider certain features of the development and growth of the baleen. The body of the foetus is practically perfected while the latter still measures only about half a metre, but although in essential features it differs little at this length from the adult whale, no trace of baleen appears until considerable 90' 80- Z40- 5 7 8 9 10 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES I ■JO Fig. 49. Mean curve of growth of baleen in Blue whales. The plotted points represent the length of the baleen in individual whales. further growth has taken place. Details of the development and histology of the baleen of Blue whales are given in an important memoir by Tullberg (1883) and the matter need therefore be dealt with only very briefly here. The first rudiments of the two blocks of plates are found after the foetus reaches a length of 2 m. or more. Then two plain strips of a soft whitish material appear, one on each side of the upper jaw. At 2-5 to 3 m. minute transverse ridges appear on these strips and later develop into whalebone plates. The two rudimentary strips appear first along the outer edges of the EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 315 mouth leaving a broad, more or less fiat palate between. As the plates grow the basic strips spread inwards until, when they are fully developed, no part of the palate remains except a narrow ridge in the median line. This condition, however, is not reached until long after the whale is born. Even when the foetus is ready for birth the longest plates measure only about 2-5 to 3-0 cm. and are arranged along the outer edge of the jaw, leaving a wide area of uncovered palate. The rate of growth of the baleen in relation to the rate of growth of the whale can be examined in quite a simple manner by plotting the recorded lengths of the longest plates against the length of the whale. There are unfortunately very few baleen measure- ments for whales between 7-0 and 17-0 m., but there are just enough to indicate the course taken by the curve of growth. In Fig. 49 all the records of the lengths of the longest baleen plates are shown, and it will be seen that the plotted points may be divided in a sense into two groups. The first of these consists of the points derived from whales measuring 17-0 m. or more and forms a wide but regular series sloping upwards from baleen lengths of about 40 cm. to lengths of 70 to 100 cm. for the largest whales. This must mean that though there is some little individual variation in the length of the baleen, the plates must grow by about 5 cm. for every increase of i m. in the length of the whale. The second group consists of only a very few points derived from foetuses and young whales of less than 17-0 m. These points fall into a compara- tively well-defined line which indicates a rate of growth appreciably slower than in the larger whales. The important feature of the graph, however, is that if a line is drawn to represent the average slope of the plotted points, or in other words the mean rate of growth of the baleen, the part built on the smaller group of points is not directly continuous with the part built on the larger group, and one must conclude that there is a sudden spurt in the growth of the plates during the whale's growth from about 16 to 18 m. The possibility arises that this is some functional development. The ques- tion, however, will be dealt with when the growth of the calf is considered and it will be shown that the sudden increase in size of the baleen plates is in fact almost certainly associated with a change from a diet of milk to a diet of krill. As to other features of the chart we see that considerable individual variation occurs, but that there is no particular grouping which might suggest any racial distinction. Taken as a whole, the plotted points show that in general the length of the plates varies fairly uniformly with the length of the whale. Observations on the numbers of baleen plates (excluding some subsidiary inner plates which are not seen from the outside) show that they vary from about 250 to 400 on each side. A sufficiently thorough analysis of the records is given by the table of frequencies given at top of page 316. This gives an idea of the numbers of baleen plates normally present in southern Blue whales and the extent to which the numbers may vary. It also shows that there is no significant difference in this respect between males and females or between the Blue whales of South Georgia and South Africa. As regards the width of the baleen at the base only twelve measurements were made 8-2 3i6 DISCOVERY REPORTS Blue Whales Number of plates on one side Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 240-260 260-280 2 — — — 280-300 I — 5 — 300-320 10 I 8 2 320-340 10 I 9 3 340-360 360-380 I I I 2 2 2 380-400 I — 2 — Total 26 3 28 7 Average No. of plates 318 327 324 326 Maximum ,, ,, Minimum ,, „ 395 270 347 310 380 280 354 306 in the case of Blue whales, and as the number is so small they are shown individually in the following table : Males Females Width as Width as Whale Baleen percentage Whale Baleen percentage length width of baleen length length width of baleen length *i7-8o 38 79-0 18-80 43 93-5 *i8-55 55 89-0 *22-00 56 747 *i8-8o 45 83-5 22-75 48 71-7 23-10 53 947 24-25 55 80-0 23-30 67 io6-o *26-IO 61 67-8 24-10 63 77-0 26-30 75 87-5 Those marked with an asterisk are South African whales. There are few enough data here for any comparisons to be made, but it can be said that there is no indication of any difference in the width of the baleen between either males and females or South Georgian and South African whales. Measurements of the spacing of the largest baleen plates similarly give only negative results. The distance separating these plates varies from about i-ocm. in i6-om. whales to about 2-5 cm. in 27-0 m. whales. The readings are plotted in Fig. 50 from which it will be seen that no particular distinction exists between males and females or between whales of South Georgia and South Africa. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 317 VENTRAL GROOVES The presence of ventral grooves is common to all the Balaenopteridae and their arrangement in Blue, Fin and Sei whales is very similar. In Blue whales they run from a point slightly behind the tip of the mandible back to a point rather behind the umbilicus (see Plate XXX, fig. 3). Laterally they extend round to the shoulders and up to the level of the eye (Plate XXVIII, fig. i) or slightly below it. Here they are very short and one or two run forwards into the corner of the mouth. A few grooves immediately below this run forwards for a short distance along the side of the mandible, but the rest stop short on the lower edge leaving the side of the mandible smooth. The longest grooves are those in the mid-ventral line and it is only these that -1 1 1 1 r 17 18 19 20 21 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 50. Spacing of the baleen in Blue whales. The plotted points represent the spacing of the baleen in individual whales. (Black symbols represent South African whales, and circular ones South Georgia whales.) run back as far as the umbilicus. The rest become progressively shorter so that their posterior ends form a line which curves forwards to the axilla. Posteriorly the median grooves may end evenly behind the umbilicus, as in Plate XXX, fig. 3, but there is a certain amount of variation here, for some grooves may extend further back than others, or the posterior ends may be broken up and very indefinite, and sometimes in males there is a median groove continuous with the umbilicus and genital aperture (see Plate XXIX, fig. 3, Plate XXX, figs, i and 2, and Plate XXXI, fig. 4). On each side of the genital aperture in females there is often, in addition to the mammary grooves, a varying number of small grooves not more than a foot or two long 3i8 DISCOVERY REPORTS which may be mentioned here though they are quite separate from the main mass of grooves. These are to be seen in Plate XXX, figs, i and 3. The four rough sketches in Fig. 51 show some typical examples and give an idea of the kind of variations which occur. The best method of estimating the number of the main ventral grooves is to count their anterior terminations, beginning at the middle of the chin and counting along the mandible past the angle of the gape up to the last groove near the eye, and doubling the result. The estimation of the number of grooves is of no particular value except (as in the case of other characters) for the purpose of fixing the normal condition and range of variation of this character for purposes of general comparison. Differences which occur in the numbers of ventral grooves of whales from South Georgia are evidently due simply to individual variation, for the differences between parent and foetus (in cases where the ventral grooves of the foetus are fully developed) are of the same order as the differences between adults. Whale No. 54 for instance had 94 grooves and its foetus had 78, while whale No, 154 had 80 grooves and its foetus 96. The variations in the numbers of grooves is best shown by the following table, in which the records are analysed on the same principle as the table for numbers of baleen plates given on p. 316. Blue Whales Number of ventral grooves Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 70-80 80-90 90-100 I 00-110 110-120 4 7 8 I I 4 6 I 3 2 8 8 7 4 2 5 5 I Total 21 14 29 H Average Maximum Minimum 90 118 70 85 102 70 95 116 76 89 112 70 An inspection of the above table shows again that no distinction exists between the sexes, and the fact that the averages for South African whales are slightly lower than for South Georgia is more likely due to the small number of records than to the existence of any real distinction. The ventral grooves appear in the foetus earlier than the baleen plates. The first traces are to be found when the foetus measures from about i-o to 1-25 m. The anterior ends appear to materialize first and then spread backwards, and by the time the foetus reaches 2-0 m. they are usually sufficiently complete and well defined to be counted. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF BLUE WHALES 319 IV h. no. 4fi \Vh. no. 48 Wh. no. 49 Fig. 51. Mammary grooves, genital aperture, etc., of female Blue whales (semi-diagrammatic); to show variation of the extra grooves in this region, m, mammary grooves. 48 14-1 1 + 5 1+7 1+8 55 60 2.7+ 270 27+ • •• Fi g. 52. Diagrams showing different arrangement of the hairs on the chin of seven and the rostrum of three Blue whales. The beard in each case is sketched from a view immediately in front of the mouth, and the rostral hairs from a dorsal aspect. The numerals refer to individual whales. 320 DISCOVERY REPORTS HAIR In both Blue and Fin whales hairs occur (a) at the symphysis of the mandibles, (b) along each ramus of the lower jaw, (c) on the dorsal surface of the rostrum. They are best developed in young whales and foetuses, for in old whales they tend to become rather short and reduced in number. Previous descriptions of the hairs have been given by Lillie (1910) and Japha (191 1). The latter gives an account of the structure and histology of the hairs in five species of whalebone whales and six species of toothed whales. The "beard" consists, in most whales, of between twenty and forty hairs arranged in two vertical rows which are often a little asymmetrical, and which tend to diverge slightly. The actual length of the rows is about i ft. in medium sized whales. In Fig. 52 the arrangement of the chin hairs of seven Blue whales and the hairs on the rostrum of three are shown. Along each mandible there is normally a row of a few hairs varying in number from about two to a dozen. In Fin and Sei whales two rows on each side are occasionally found, but this does not seem to occur in Blue whales. Blue Whales Number of hairs on chin Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 8-1 1 12-15 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 48-51 I 2 1 1 8 5 2 2 I 3 I I 5 9 14 4 I I 2 I I Total 32 4 37 2 Average Maximum Minimum 29 50 9 38 43 36 29 44 10 31 37 25 On the rostrum also the number of hairs is very variable. It is practically impossible to examine the hairs on both sides since on the flensing platform the whale lies with the dorsal surface of the head resting on the ground, but usually there are between ten and twenty on one side. There is usually a row along the edge of the rostrum, a small group near the blowhole, and a few odd hairs in other positions. The hairs of the chin have been counted more systematically than those of the EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 321 mandible and rostrum, and a table of the type used for the numbers of baleen plates and ventral grooves may be drawn up to show the extent of variation. Here, as usual, no difference is found between males and females. There are only half a dozen records from South African whales, but these fall well within the limits of variation shown by South Georgian whales, and we may therefore suppose that the whales of the two localities do not differ in this respect. In the foetus, hairs are numerous and well developed at an early stage. In the foetus of No. 270, which measured 0-55 m., the hairs were represented by small white spots in the positions where they would later have grown out, but in No. 1 1 51 which measured 0-445 "^- ^^^ incipient hairs were already distinct. FIN WHALES GENERAL REMARKS The characters of the Fin whale may be dealt with in the same manner and in the same order as those of the Blue whale. Since each step is fully explained in the section on the Blue whale much repetition may be avoided here, and though the Fm whale is of at least as great commercial importance as the Blue, less space need be devoted to it. The average yield of oil from a Fin whale is 35 to 50 barrels, as compared with 70 to 80 from a Blue whaled The distribution and history of the hunting of the Fin whale is very similar to that of the Blue whale. It was caught only in small numbers at South Georgia and the other Dependencies up to about 1912, but during and since the war it has been taken regularly in great quantities. The largest Fin whale we examined measured 24-53 m-' o'" ^° ^^- 5 i^i- This was a female. No. 478. There were altogether four females measuring over 24-0 m. (Nos. 478, 200, 263 and 463). As No. 478 was the largest out of nearly 800 Fin whales one would expect that the limit for this species is somewhere about 25-0 m. (or 82 ft.), so far at least as the length is measured from the tip of the snout to the notch of the flukes. The largest Fin whale measured by Barrett-Hamilton was 82 ft. long, measured from the tip of the mandible, or 80 ft. 3 in. from the tip of the snout. Risting (1928) mentions that the largest Fin whale among his records measured 27-3 m. or 89 ft. 6 in. This is one from a great number of records, but it has already been pointed out that we are unable to put entire confidence in the accuracy of Risting's data. As to the Fin whales of the North Atlantic, a female of 24-55 m. or 80 ft. 6 in. has been recorded by Cocks (1887), but it is uncertain how this was measured. The largest whale examined by True was 21-5 m. or 70 ft. 8 in. In order to examine the sex ratio of Fin whales we may, as in the case of Blue whales, use the British Museum statistics of catches at the southern whaling stations during previous years. These include the following: 1 It appears that, owing to improved methods, a somewhat higher yield has been obtained in recent seasons. 322 DISCOVERY REPORTS (fl) Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. South Georgia, 1913-25 15,535 Fin whales South Shetlands, 1918-24 ... ... ... 9,153 ,, South Orkneys, 1922-26 ... ... ... 1,208 ,, {b) South Africa. Cape Colony, 1920-25... ... ... ... 2,131 ,, Natal, 1922-26 1,439 " Analysis of the figures gives the following results : {a) Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. Of all whales examined 54 per cent were males. Of 22 seasons in different localities there were six with from 51 per cent to 55 per cent of females. The remaining sixteen seasons all showed a majority of males. Of these, 12 seasons showed 50 to 60 per cent of males, three seasons showed 60 to 70 per cent of males and one exceptional season (1924-5 at the South Orkneys) showed as much as 82 per cent of males. {b) South Africa. Of all whales recorded 56 per cent were males. Of 14 seasons in different localities only one showed a majority of females (54 per cent). The other 13 seasons all showed a majority of males of which eleven fell between 50 and 60 per cent and two between 60 and 70 per cent. Here we have a more decisive result than in the case of Blue whales, males being in an all-round majority both in the Dependencies and in South African waters. Our own records agree with this, for 56 per cent of the whales examined and 54 per cent of the foetuses were males. It seems difficult, therefore, to avoid the conclusion that among Fin whales males are in a slight majority. Of all the Fin whales of which we have records 45 per cent are females and 55 per cent males. As to the differences which exist between the sexes the male Fin whale becomes mature on the average at 19-4 m., and the female on the average at just 20-0 m. Thus there is approximately o-6 m. difference between the two, or the length of the male is 97 per cent of that of the female. As in Blue whales the difference between the largest specimen of each sex is even more marked, for the largest female measured 24-53 ""i- and the largest male only 22-40 m., giving a difference of 2-13 m., the length of the male being 91-3 per cent of that of the female. Thus it is on the whole probable that there is an increased divergence in size after sexual maturity is reached. EXTERNAL PROPORTIONS A more or less complete series of measurements has been carried out on some 692 Fin whales, and the following table shows the average value of all the measurements taken for male and female Fin whales, expressed as percentages of the total length. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 323 Measurement South Georgia South Africa Total Males Females Males Females Males Females 0) > I 3 en « a > k a s > k 3 a _3 1 3 t/i C3 a _3 > J*. 1 _3 s a 00 < oi2 2 6 < 6 u z a be < ^2 . C Whale 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 I 13 8 6 2 1 2 2 3 3 8 38 72 43 3 11-76-14-69 13-33-15-56 13-30-16-00 15-45-15-63 11-20-11-56 10-57-12-06 10-32-12-31 11-49-11-98 10-67-12-67 10-23-12-73 9-76-13-17 9-74-12-86 1 1 -75-12-72 10-71 13-37 14-75 14-65 15-54 11-07 11-38 11-32 11-31 11-75 11-73 11-63 11-62 11-57 12-14 4 16 8 6 2 I 3 5 t 13 44 77 47 3 2-86-3-46 2-94-3-91 3-30-3-77 3-09-4-00 3-37-3-64 2-86-3-10 2-47-3-02 2-58-2-74 2-33-2-96 2-40-3-05 2-35-3-40 2-35-3-15 2-33-3-29 2-83-3-08 3-10 3-39 3-59 3-53 3-51 3-32 2-98 2-84 2-68 2-63 2-80 2-86 2-81 2-85 2-94 I 1 2 6 3 7 15 49 85 50 3 I 23-47-24-35 21-86-26-03 21-49-25-94 23-39-26-73 23-98-26-74 23-56-30-10 23-17-27-55 23-78-27-64 26-63-27-46 24-60 22-14 23-91 23-35 23-60 25-00 25-31 25-73 25-84 25-78 27-15 25-64 3 II 5 2 I 2 6 3 7 13 45 78 45 3 I 14-29-17-14 13-51-17-50 10-98-15-51 12-10-12-92 8-16-10-48 10-06-12-00 9-97-11-15 10-38-11-96 10-78-12-30 9-11-12-82 9-86-12-94 9-81-11-75 10-62-11-78 16-03 14-35 13-62 12-51 9-00 9-32 11-05 10-53 11-20 11-41 11-02 IO-99 10-82 11 -20 10-04 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES Male Fin Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length 325 Metre lengths 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper 7. Eye to ear, centres 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin 9. Flukes, width at insertion No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus >> Whale o-i 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-1S 18-19 ig-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 4 15 10 6 2 I 2 2 4 7 18 59 99 59 4 I 39-74-41-98 39-22-44-53 3962-46-67 40-00-44-00 42-50-45-98 36-97-40-S2 37-74-44-44 38-99-41-42 38-01-41-50 39-24-44-29 38-94-45-69 37-22-45-95 37-44-45-41 42-69-44-64 40-81 41-91 42-55 42-15 44-24 36-16 38-90 41-09 39-72 40-02 41-70 41-78 41-86 42-11 43-66 4280 14 10 6 1 3 5 4 9 17 62 109 64 5 I S-88-7-50 5-86-6-67 5-71-6-67 5-47-6-14 4-58-5-24 4-53-6-03 4-49-4-94 4-58-6-06 4-57-5-35 4-42-5-64 4-23-6-37 4-38-5-49 4-04-5-18 6-82 6-28 6-23 S-81 7-01 5-00 4-99 4-77 5-00 4-86 4-92 5-02 4-89 4-85 4-49 4 16 10 6 3 2 4 4 9 17 SI 91 57 5 25-93-27-35 24-77-28-33 25-18-27-78 27-07-31-46 25-23-26-95 24-69-25-17 25-16-27-87 23-39-26-46 2428-26-60 22-2S-25-99 21-32-26-23 21-87-28-92 21-68-26-25 22-71-23-66 26-84 26-48 2692 29-00 25-98 24-93 26-35 24-44 23-96 24-19 24-47 24-25 24-11 23-37 4 16 10 6 2 1 2 2 4 7 18 60 109 63 5 I 7-14-8-64 6-30-9-09 6-30-8-15 6-18-8-00 5-95-6-82 5-37-5-63 4-72-6-86 5-03-5-67 4-74-5-26 4-50-5-33 4-59-6-03 4-11-6-08 4-34-5-61 4-27-5-09 7-65 7-47 7-25 7-15 6-39 6-64 5-50 5-79 5-32 5-02 5-03 5-02 5 04 4-97 469 4-45 Metre lengths 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus )> >. Whale >> >> 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 4 16 9 6 3 3 5 4 9 17 51 94 56 4 1-92-2-55 2-XO-4-32 2-26-3-67 2-53-3-47 2-95-4-14 2-59-3-17 1-87-2-79 2-07-3-1 5 2-12-3-04 1-96-2-78 1-33-3-08 1-86-3-36 1-39-3-47 2-30-2-60 2-27 2-So 2-71 3-07 3-58 ^83 2-28 2-55 2-43 2-55 2-47 2-53 2-43 2-47 4 16 9 6 •-5 2 3 6 13 47 96 57 5 3-70-5-13 4-59-6-61 3-77-7-78 5-62-7-3S 6-S2-6-90 5-10-5-63 6-48-6-92 5-92-6-25 4-68-7-58 5-27-7-48 4-39-9-35 4-35-8-1 1 3-33-7-62 4-75-6-62 4-61 5-51 5-75 6-66 6-86 5-37 6-70 6-11 5-83 6-07 6-04 6-15 5-90 5-95 4 16 10 6 3 3 5 5 10 23 63 105 64 5 I 8-58- 9-18 8-24-10-16 9-43-1 1 -48 9-S7-11-73 10-11-12-64 7-75- 8-30 6-80- 9-33 7-46- 9-09 7-25- 8-82 7-20- 9-52 6-64-10-80 6-84- 9-86 6-60-10-24 7-42- 8-75 8-84 9-26 10-30 10-62 11-14 8-07 7-91 8-34 8-02 8-29 8-32 8-42 8-39 8-36 8-90 4 16 10 6 2 I 2 3 6 11 41 76 46 3 10-71-12-56 11-74-14-12 12-94-14-81 12-64-15-08 14-71-14-77 11-13-11-43 10-50-11-75 10-14-11-07 10-20-11-73 9-62-12-30 10-12-12-50 9-61-12-78 8-37-12-52 11-43-12-50 11-87 12-79 14-27 13-94 14-74 10-33 11-28 11-13 10-50 11-23 11-12 11-36 11-31 11-26 11-83 Metre lengths 22. Skull length, condyle to tip of premaxilla 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin 25. Flukes, notch to tip No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 2 25-42-26-18 25-80 I I 2 13-33-13-35 12-81 13-29 13-34 4 14 10 6 2 I 4 3 4 12 38 75 46 5 9-18-11-11 8-82-11-35 8-68-11-72 8-28-15-47 8-42- 9-09 8-18-11-00 8-88- 9-11 8-07-10-23 8-56-10-75 8-21-1 1-42 8-OI-II-35 7-82-11-20 8-39- 9-87 9-98 10-31 10-43 10-87 8-76 8-84 939 8-97 9-10 9-83 9-50 9-26 9-13 8-80 3 15 9 6 2 7-69-10-20 1008-13-75 10-85-13-47 10-96-13-67 12-50-12-63 9-06" 11-35 12-65 12-50 12-57 326 DISCOVERY REPORTS Male Fin Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length Metre lengths 2 . Lower jaw, proje beyond tip of sno ction ut 3. Tip of snout to blowhole 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Wl lale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 — — — I 4 20 27 18 8 2 9 12 4 16-19-18-20 15-36-19-31 15-45-19-23 16-76-19-10 16-96-19-24 18-89-19-36 17-71-21-38 18-18-20-88 1S-43-19-95 18-05 16-88 17-23 17-48 17-91 18-34 19-13 19-75 19-41 19-19 3 17 23 19 8 I 7 9 I 17-91-18-73 17-45-20-44 17-21-20-53 17-64-20-48 19-29-21-57 19-27-21-68 19-66-21-22 18-45 18-82 19-00 19-32 20-14 20-28 20-92 20-35 19-81 I 5 22 29 19 8 I 9 13 4 18-54-19-33 17-34-20-95 17-73-22-15 18-82-20-84 20-00-21-98 20-00-22-53 20-49-22-74 19-82-21-93 19-47 18-86 19-34 19-87 19-99 20-78 2I-II 21-65 21-37 21-12 Whale Metre lengths 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 10. Notch of flukes to anus No. of measure- ments I 5 21 26 19 8 3 9 13 4 Range 29-64-30-79 28-24-33-00 27-38-32-89 27-73-31-49 28-49-30-99 28-61-29-48 27-07-28-68 27-23-29-71 26-42-28-05 Mean 31-14' 30-31 30-23 30-05 29-64 29-65 29-18 28-06 28-04 27-29 Notch of flukes to umbilicus No. of measure- ments I 5 21 26 18 8 3 9 12 4 Range 47-27-48-20 44-59-51-52 45-25-52-37 45-76-49-48 45-35-48-88 45-28-47-75 44-44-46-87 42-89-48-31 44-58-45-85 Mean 52-03 47-83 47-93 47-73 47-13 47-03 46-62 45-77 45-26 45-31 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves No. of measure- ments 4 1 1 18 15 6 3 7 12 4 Range 46-04- 43-58- 43-53- 41-74- 44-61- 44-63- 42-86- 40-90- 42-92- -47-48 -48-48 -50-03 -46-73 46-47 46-68 45-26 45-89 44-93 Mean 46-89 46-14 4644 45-50 45-93 45-34 44-09 43-75 44-09 13. Anus to reproductive aperture, centres No. of measure- ments 5 16 23 19 7 3 8 13 4 Range 5-53-7-84 3-34-8-22 4-10-8-67 2-73-8-08 4-52-782 6-67-7-69 6-84-7-81 5-84-8-31 5-42-8-11 Mean 407 7-15 6-83 7-00 6-44 6-91 7-12 7-27 7-34 7-10 Metre lengths 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest width 20. Severed head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest width No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Wl lale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 1 4 20 24 12 4 3 I 11-99-12-64 10-36-12-57 10-48-13-38 10-19-12-12 11-03-12-21 11-24-11-78 9-17-13-02 9-63-12-17 11-79 12-24 11-30 11-52 11-40 11-61 1 1 -43 11-24 11-20 11 -04 1 18 23 1 1 6 2 4 5 2 2-73-3-06 2-56-2-99 2-52-3-16 2-11-3-03 2-70-2-92 2-59-3-02 2-55-3-00 2-70-2-93 3-02-3-03 2-85 2-88 2-80 2-78 2-73 2-8l 2-81 2-84 2-84 3-03 I 4 12 16 14 6 2 5 5 2 22-84-23-97 21-82-25-69 22-73-26-90 23-27-25-72 24-74-26-S2 25-83-25-89 25-32-26-95 24-77-26-32 25-28-26-65 24-39 23-32 23-38 24-32 24-52 25-41 25-86 25-91 25-51 25-97 I 4 14 IS 11 6 2 5 4 2 9-89-10-40 9-09-11-11 909-10-64 9-27-11-37 9-65-10-73 10-00-10-93 10-10-I2-U IO-02-II-63 10-38-10-38 10-24 10-12 10-38 looS 10-21 10-29 10-47 10-91 10-63 10-38 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 327 Male Fin Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length 6. Tip of snout to tip of 8. Notch of flukes to posterior 9- Flukes, width at flipper emargination of dorsal fin insertion Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Whale 12-13 1 — 40-65 — — — — — — I 4-88 13-14 4 37-99-4109 39-69 4 4-75-5-18 4-98 4 24-78-25-76 25-13 5 5-32-5-61 5-45 14-15 21 37-25-41-55 39-51 17 4-68-5-26 4-91 12 24-19-26-85 25-47 23 4-83-5-77 5-30 15-16 25 37-99-44-30 40-48 23 4-53-5-33 4-S9 21 24-19-27-48 25-34 29 4-79-5-83 5-22 16-17 19 37-95-4I-76 40-12 19 4-30-5-36 4-90 14 24-30-27-83 25-60 19 4-55-5-65 5-14 17-18 8 40-00-42-86 41-38 8 4-71-5-06 4-87 6 24-53-25-36 24-99 8 4-63-5-23 4-92 18-19 3 40-05-41-67 40-83 3 4-63-S-33 5-02 3 24-24-25-31 24-85 3 4-96-5-41 5-12 19-20 6 40-10-44-05 42-10 9 4-79-5-27 5-01 8 22-31-25-26 24-02 9 4-59-5-31 4-90 20-21 10 40-39-44-30 41-99 13 4-59-5-13 492 12 22-71-24-88 24-07 13 4-47-5-29 4-91 21-22 3 41-04-42-30 41-S5 4 4-51-4-91 470 4 23-04-24-37 23-88 4 4-15-5-20 4-66 Metre lengths 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to a.xilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Whale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 4 16 22 15 7 3 7 II 3 1-87-2-47 1-93-2-94 1-81-3-05 2-16-3-07 2- 10-2-79 2-83-3-29 1-48-2-76 1-89-3-07 2-22-2-41 2-27 2-61 2-48 2-55 2-37 3-03 2-35 2-57 2-31 4 16 21 15 7 I 13 4 4-68-6-74 3-80-7-17 5-03-778 4-49-7-27 4-52-7-02 4-77-7-50 5-36-7-49 4-95-8-37 4-25-5-53 5-95 584 6-14 570 5-64 6-11 6-39 6-31 5-07 I 5 21 25 19 8 3 6 1 1 3 7-64-9-20 7-38-9-00 7-07-9-06 7-29-8-67 7-35-8-66 7-72-8-81 7-60-9-18 7-08-8-94 6-98-8-28 S-S4 8-17 819 8-II 8-02 8-o6 8-17 8-66 8-10 7-84 I 4 20 25 12 5 3 5 8 2 11-24-12-36 9-82-12-16 10-22-12-58 9-81-11-82 10-75-11-74 10-83-11-51 8-96-12-24 9-58-1 1 -88 10-80-11-49 11-54 11-78 10-96 11-25 IIIO 11-31 11-12 10-84 lo-go 11-15 22. Skull length, condyle to 23. Flipper, tip to head 24 Tail, depth at 25. Flukes, notch tc tip tip of premaxilla of humerus dorsal fin Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Whale 12-13 _ _ _ I — Ti^ — — — 13-14 I — 23-03 — — — 3 8-63- 9-34 8-87 — — — 14-15 — — I — 10-87 II 7-18-10-10 8-64 — — — 1S-16 — — — — — — 19 7-27- 9-21 8-21 — — — 16-17 — — — 14 7-66- 9-12 8-30 — — — 17-18 — — — — — — 5 8-14- 8-77 8-46 — — — 18-19 — — — — — — 3 7-44- 8-91 8-23 — — — 19-20 — — — — — — 8 8-02- 949 8-73 — — — 20-21 — — — — — — 11 7-89- 9-78 8-53 — — — 21-22 — — — — — — 4 7-26- 8-49 7-62 ~ 328 DISCOVERY REPORTS Female Fin Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length Metre lengths 2, Lower jaw, projection beyond tip of snout 3 . Tip of snout to blowhole 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale O-I 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 2 I I 2 2 I 0-82-1-23 0-83-1-10 1-09-1-53 0-96-1-15 1-03 0-93 0-65 0-96 1-31 I -OS 1-24 3 12 10 6 I I 4 8 8 17 16 29 59 59 12 13-53-15-79 13-64-17-44 14-03-17-44 14-95-16-67 15-03-17-76 12-99-19-44 15-57-19-88 17-03-20-05 17-10-20-46 17-63-21-35 17-62-21-84 I7-58-2"2-22 17-32-21-07 IS-63-20-25 14-94 15-53 15-39 15-66 11-24 16-22 16-45 16-66 18-04 18-47 18-93 19-21 19-79 19-67 19-92 19-63 3 12 7 . 6 I I 2 6 7 15 13 19 34 40 7 2 16-20-17-54 15-46-19-66 17-28-19-25 17-66-19-18 18-95-19-15 17-43-20-74 18-37-20-59 18-36-21-61 19-43-21-48 19-08-22-34 18-84-22-93 18-95-22-67 19-78-22-37 20-78-22-00 16-74 18-28 17-91 18-41 15-93 17-85 19-05 18-70 19-76 19-68 20-43 20-47 20-89 20-91 21-20 21-39 3 12 10 6 I I 2 7 9 10 22 20 37 66 68 13 3 16-90-19-30 17-27-20-44 18-12-19-53 18-48-20-00 16-74-18-92 16-12-20-07 18-04-21-60 19-03-21-59 19-19-22-28 19-58-22-25 20-04-23-81 19-68-24-52 19-54-23-77 20-78-22-77 20-78-22-50 17-95 19-21 18-98 19-26 18-03 19-01 17-83 17-93 19-33 20-42 20-56 21-12 21-22 21-67 21-70 21-89 21-88 Metre lengths 10. Notch of flukes to anus 1 1 . Notch of flukes to umbilicus 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves 13. Anus to reproductive aperture, centres No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Foetus Whale o-i 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 3 II 10 6 I I 2 7 9 10 21 20 36 67 64 13 3 30-98-32-46 29-23-32-33 29-05-32-17 2913-33-16 31-76-32-06 30-26-32-89 28-75-30-37 27-45-31-32 27-12-31-22 26-73-30-05 27-39-29-80 26-04-30-00 24-62-30-40 2669-28-99 27-95-28-75 31-73 30-89 30-82 31-06 32-79 30-58 31-91 31-01 29-69 29-20 29-16 28-37 28-63 28-00 27-95 27-70 2S-48 3 12 10 4 I I 7 9 9 19 20 39 6s 64 10 3 47-37-50-70 45-76-49-55 44-83-49-61 46-03-51-52 47-97-48-94 46-38-50-00 45-06-48-18 44-51-47-76 43-50-49-57 41-48-47-31 42-80-47-12 42-40-47-52 40-88-48-89 42-16-46-52 43-06-45-42 49-55 47-62 47-19 49-12 48-01 47-44 48-46 48-04 46-75 46-39 46-24 45-18 45-37 44-89 4452 44-30 44-15 8 9 5 I I 5 6 II 12 17 41 40 9 2 43-26-51-35 44-91-48-20 45-20-50-00 46-05-48-16 45-06-48-34 41-08-46-59 42-44-47-30 41-22-46-04 41-72-46-20 39-53-46-30 40-89-46-44 41-52-44-81 42-50-42-92 4717 46-73 47-13 48-01 46-28 46-62 47-11 46-29 44-34 44-96 44-05 44-00 43-41 43-51 43-33 42-71 3 12 10 6 I I 7 9 9 — 2, 19 36 66 61 12 3 1-75-2-82 1-84-3-37 2-33-3-73 2-10-3-83 2-70-3-12 1-49-3-83 I -82-3-3 1 2-30-4-08 1-85-3-84 1-82-3-28 1-73-3-50 1-84-3-95 1-9S-3-93 2-17-3-13 1-69-2-92 2-31 2-74 2-74 3-08 2-81 2-81 2-91 2-87 2-61 3-05 2-75 256 2-84 2-89 2-81 2-68 2-43 Foetus Whale Metre lengths o-i 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21—22 22-23 23-24 24-25 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border No. of measure- ments 3 II 9 6 4 4 4 5 9 22 34 34 6 3 Range 12-35-14-91 II -70-14-87 12-86-14-03 13-51-16-84 11-03- 10-56- 10-79- 10-52- 10-41- 10-48- 10-37- 9-73" 9-91- 10-83- -11-58 -11-23 -11-49 -11-94 -I2-l6 -13-60 -12-86 -12-65 -12-29 -11-96 Mean 13-31 13-21 13-48 15-42 15-93 14-88 11-34 10-75 11-15 11-17 11-40 "•54 11-48 11-54 11-20 11-23 19. I'lipper, greatest width No. of measure- ments 3 12 10 5 7 6 7 7 12 31 40 38 7 3 Range 3-50-3-53 2-73-3-77 3-10-3-72 3-56-3-80 2-57-3-24 2-42-3-12 2-62-2-94 2-38-3-11 2-39-2-92 2-42-3-14 2-32-3-19 2-46-3-21 2-57-3-03 2-61-2-79 Mean 52 37 43 66 98 64 62 74 73 81 69 78 76 78 80 71 2-68 Se\'ered head, condyle to tip No. of measure- ments 4 6 7 II 14 35 45 44 10 4 Range 21-85-23-10 2394-24-59 23-58-26-20 23-73-26-39 23-83-29-09 24-15-27-50 23-73-29-28 23-79-30-52 21-72-27-27 22-83-27-08 Mean 24-25 25-oS 25-34 26-18 25-77 26-31 26-18 25-78 25-45 21. Skull, greatest width No. of measure- ments 4 5 6 1 1 9 30 36 38 Range 15-29-17-54 13-90-16-37 13-58-14-16 13-21-13-67 10-73-11-60 10-61-11-87 10-61-12-24 9-79-12-37 g-58-11-26 10-25-12-50 10-08-12-38 9-46-11-50 10-00-11-69 Me 16-42 14-90 13-87 13-44 ii-io 1 1-21 11-07 10-70 1073 11-03 10-96 10-76 10-81 10-42 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES Female Fin Whales: South Georgia Measurements expressed as percentages of total length 329 Metre lengths 6. Ti p of snout to t flipper p of 7. Eye to ear, centres 8. Notchof flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin 9- Flukes, width insertion at No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus o-i 3 39-44-42-II 40-52 2 7-06-8-75 7-91 3 27-06-28-92 28-05 3 7-02-7-06 7-04 » 1-2 II 37-08-43-22 41-45 9 6-15-7-49 6-65 12 23-93-28-21 26-33 12 6-49-8-98 7-50 >> 2-3 9 40'0g-44-8i 42-49 10 5-52-6-88 6-26 9 20-6g-3i-i2 26-47 9 6-05-8-30 696 ,, 3-4 6 43-33-45-38 44-09 5 6-06-6-58 6-31 6 25-83-28-95 27-47 6 6-79-8-42 7-52 " 4-5 5-6 ~ ~ I — 6-09 2 20-73-27-40 24-07 2 605-7-26 6-66 .. 6-7 I 42-48 I — 5-45 I — 29-09 I — 6-94 Whale 14-15 I — 39-66 I — 4-75 z 2S-01-28-72 28-36 I — 5-iS „ 15-16 3 3S-I6-40-I3 38-30 5 4-39-5-05 4-76 4 2566-28-29 26-49 4 4-6i-6-i3 5-32 „ 16-17 S 38-23-4I-98 39-64 6 4-50-5-13 4-S9 5 23-75-26-25 24-78 8 479-6-65 5-37 „ 17-1S 8 37-35-42-6I 40-92 9 4-60-5-10 4-96 8 24-85-27-84 26-06 8 4-91-5-31 S-17 „ 18-1Q 16 38-92-42-59 4083 16 4-18-5-28 4-80 14 23-56-2649 25-07 17 4-55-5-36 4-98 ,, 19-20 16 39-38-42-75 41-35 14 4-42-5-52 4-71 14 23-47-26-34 24-85 17 4-37-S-53 4-97 „ 20-21 27 38-61-4500 41-36 32 4-21-5-40 4-82 26 20-33-29-12 24-86 30 4-48-5-89 5-03 „ 21-22 S8 38-94-46-8i 42-09 59 4-49-6-32 4-90 50 19-0S-26-48 24-38 63 4-40-5-72 5-00 ») 22-23 55 38-68-44-54 42-18 54 4-04-5-33 4-83 45 20-27-25-92 24-24 60 4-24-566 4-92 .. 23-24 10 40-48-43-IO 42-54 9 4-52-5-13 4-83 9 22-76-24-59 23-90 12 4-29-5-13 4-73 " 24-25 3 40'S3-43-2i 42-16 2 4S3-4-S7 4-85 2 22-83-23-54 23-18 3 4-33-4-55 4-46 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15- Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus O-I 3 2-35-2-82 2-60 3 4-23-7-06 5-51 3 9-40-10-53 9-93 3 11-76-14-04 12-83 ,, 1-2 12 2-24-3-77 2-91 12 4-18-6-18 5-07 12 8-18-10-77 9-58 12 11-70-15-17 I2-8l ,, 2-3 10 1-89-3-73 2-93 10 4-53-7-05 5:08 10 8-91-10-29 9-72 9 12-03-13-41 12-91 ,, 3-4 6 3-00-4-33 3-45 6 601-7-67 6-63 6 9-3I-I2-I2 10-54 6 13-21-15-76 14-66 " 4-5 5-6 6-7 I — 3-04 — — — 2 9-50-10-54 10-02 I 14-99 ,, I — 3-97 I — 7-77 I — 11-24 I — 14-55 Whale 14-15 2 2-34-2-84 2-59 I — 608 I — . 8-30 I — 11-84 ,, 15-16 4 2-12-2-76 2-47 3 4-93-5-81 5-33 7 7-I5- 8-58 8-00 5 io-32-ii-i8 10-72 >) 16-17 5 2- 18-3-67 2-64 5 4-89-6-88 6-29 6 6-79- 8-64 7-86 5 9-9I-II-04 10-42 ,, 17-18 7 2-24-3-02 2-56 6 4-37-7-93 5-82 9 7-47- 9-78 8-33 7 9-25-11-82 10-80 ,, 18-19 14 1-93-2-67 2-37 13 4-32-6-42 5-36 18 700- 9-89 8-39 5 1014-11-56 10-74 ,, 19-20 16 1-94-3-45 2-57 13 4-27-6-43 5-47 17 7-27- 9-33 8-35 II IO-I5-II-9I 11-30 »> 20-21 27 1-69-2-93 2-38 19 4-2I^-I2 5-55 32 6-53-10-81 8-30 27 9-90-13-16 II -20 ,, 21-22 50 1-74-3-20 2-30 50 4-28-7-78 5-66 58 6-86-10-70 8-26 37 9-41-12-38 IO-97 ,, 22-23 49 1-69-2-83 2-30 48 4-24-7-62 5-70 56 667- 9-76 8-27 36 9-64-13-15 11-27 ,, 23-24 9 I-97-2-71 2-24 9 4-18-7-52 5-74 10 7-58- 9-12 8-00 7 9-48-12-03 I i-oi " 24-25 2 I -96-1 -96 1-96 2 5-00-5-21 5-II 3 8-04- 9-37 8-49- 3 10-42-11-75 10-95 22. Skull length, condyle to 23. Flipper, tip to head 24 . Tail, depth at 25. Flukes, notch to tip Metre lengths tip of premaxilla of humerus dorsal fin No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Foetus o-i 3 9-40-1 1 -28 10-40 3 9-40-10-53 9-93 ^j 1-2 — — — — — — 9 10-11-11-24 10-49 II 8-64-13-51 11-68 ,, 2-3 — — — — — — 9 9-30-10-94 10-04 9 8-62-14-34 12-42 ,, 3-4 — — — — — — 6 10-33-11-51 10-81 6 11-14-14-47 13-15 ,, 4-5 — — — — — — 2 8-42-10-54 9-48 2 11-66-12-88 12-27 5-6 — — — — — — — — — — — ,, 6-7 — — — — — — I — 8-93 I — ■ 12-23 Whale 14-15 — — . — — — — I — IO-43 — — — ,, i';-i6 — — — — — — 2 9-21- 9-21 9-21 — — — ,j 16-17 — — — — — — 4 8-56-10-31 9-38 — • — — ,, 17-18 — — — — — — 4 9-40-10-05 9-69 — — — ,, 18-19 — — ■ — — — — 10 8-77-10-46 9-70 — — — jj 19-20 I — ■ 25-78 — — — 10 8-59-11-06 9-56 — — — - ,, 20-21 — — — — — — 15 8-71-10-59 9-32 — — — - „ 21-22 — — — 2 11-66-12-79 12-23 38 7-91-11-36 9-43 — — — ,, 22-23 I — 25-30 I — 12-25 34 7-51-10-77 938 — — — ^, 23-24 — — — • — 8 7-88-10-34 876 — — — " 24-25 — — — — — — 2 S-33- 8-96 8-65 ~" ~ 33° DISCOVERY REPORTS Fefnale Fin Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total length 2. Lower jaw, projection beyond tip of snout 3- Tip of snout to blowhole 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of' No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Whale 12-13 — — — I — 15-76 I — 18-27 1 i8-5i 13-14 ■ — — — I — 16-24 1 — 18-30 1 — 18-97 14-15 — — — 14 15-88-18-70 17-27 13 17-57-19-97 18-17 14 18-18-20-87 19-04 15-16 — — — 24 16-58-19-05 17-87 20 18-10-21-00 19-41 25 18-82-21-32 20-08 16-17 — — — 14 17-33-19-45 17-64 13 18-77-21-09 19-81 14 19-40-21-33 20-27 17-18 — — — 9 17-84-19-59 18-86 9 20-00-21-05 20-47 9 20-73-22-11 21-19 18-19 — — — 2 18-35-20-81 19-58 2 20-48-22-70 21-59 2 20-74-22-86 21-80 19-20 — — — I — 19-53 I — 21-46 I — 21-87 20-21 — — — 4 17-60-20-45 19-34 4 19-90-22-08 21-30 4 20-38-22-13 21-63 21-22 ~ ~ ~ 4 18-98-20-28 19-44 4 20-14-21-42 20-54 4 20-83-22-31 21-37 10. Notch of flukes 1 1. Notch of flukes to 12. Notch of flukes to end 13. Anus to reproductive to anus umbilicus of ventral grooves aperture, centres Metre lengths No. of No. of No. of No. of measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean measure- Range Mean ments ments ments ments Whale 12-13 1 — 30-59 1 — 49-02 I — 50-20 I 3-29 13-14 I — 29-89 — — — I — 45-39 1 — 3-69 14-15 14 27-99-32-33 30-49 13 46-98-49-66 48-41 1 1 45-55-49-66 47-24 14 2-05-3-26 2-72 15-16 25 28-30-31-76 30-11 25 45-04-51-48 47-55 19 44-06-48-43 45-69 23 1-90-3-79 2-86 16-17 14 26-59-30-40 29-39 13 43-03-49-09 46-41 11 41-54-47-30 44-78 13 2-46-3-07 2-71 17-18 9 27-19-32-39 29-19 8 43-86-48-42 45-54 6 43-27-47-59 44-96 9 1-69-3-31 2-50 18-19 2 28-72-28-92 28-82 2 44-68-45-41 45-04 — 2 1-89-2-39 2-14 19-20 1 — 28-39 1 — 44-27 1 — 43-75 I 3-39 20-21 4 27-l6-29-02 28-21 4 43-95-47-96 45-32 3 42-47-46-04 43-75 4 2-43-3-82 3-08 21-22 4 27-12-29-95 28-44 4 43-87-47-22 45-30 4 42-45-46-30 44-24 4 3-06-3-24 3-15 Metre lengths 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border 19. Flipper, greatest width 20. Severed head, condyle to tip 21. Skull, greatest width No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Wl lale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 1 1 10 24 14 6 I I 4 4 10-68-12-05 10-23-13-29 10-39-13-04 10-70-12-06 10-52-11-61 10-40-11-47 12-71 II-OO 11-30 "-34 11-32 11-53 12-23 10-94 11-07 11-07 I 1 10 23 12 5 I 1 3 3 2-59-3-01 2-40-2-89 2-52-3-01 2-54-2-92 2-59-2-77 2-69-2-92 2-75 2-58 2-74 269 2-70 2-73 2-77 2-76 2-69 2-81 7 16 9 7 3 4 22-97-25-48 23-38-25-57 23-95-25-68 25-07-26-32 25-00-27-68 23-98-26-90 24-77-26-56 24-24 24-36 24-67 25-68 26-34 25-82 25-59 7 15 9 7 I 2 3 9-59-11-10 9-72-10-79 9-63-10-49 9-46-11-27 10-64-11-62 10-53-IO-55 10-42-11-32 10-30 10-24 10-92 10-45 n-13 10-68 10-54 10-95 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 331 Female Fin Whales: South Africa Measurements expressed as percentages of total qjSuaj 1 Metre lengths 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper 7. Eye to ear, centres 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin g. Flukes, width at insertion No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Whale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 I I 12 24 12 9 2 I 4 4 37-92-41-74 38-46-43-35 3S-62-42-34 41-13-42-46 41-49-43-78 41-25-42-22 40-74-42-45 37-65 39-78 39-52 40-47 40-46 41-81 42-63 42-19 41-60 41-33 I I 13 22 13 9 2 I 4 4 4-63-5-21 4-45-5-34 4-43-5-03 4-50-5-00 4-95-5-30 4-54-4-78 4-54-5-08 4-78 4-87 4-86 4-83 4-80 4-79 5-12 5-21 465 4-S0 I I II 20 II 6 I I 3 4 24-83-27-70 24-33-27-67 24-02-27-20 23-68-25-33 23-56-24-70 24-06-25-83 27-37 25-68 26-28 25-52 25-14 24-62 24-79 24-64 23-94 25-16 I I 14 25 9 I 4 4 4-79-5-61 4-57-5-77 4-56-5-69 4-56-5-34 5-00-5-03 4-67-4-84 462-4-86 5-25 5-02 5-28 5-15 5-16 4-88 5-OI 5-00 4-78 4-71 i Metre lengths 14. Dorsal fin, vertical height 15. Dorsal fin, length of base 16. Flipper, tip to axilla 17. FKpper, tip to anterior end of lower border No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean Whale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 12 21 13 4 4 2-03-2-92 1-90-3-74 2-22-2-97 2-08-2-69 1-87-2-72 2-12-2-59 2-51 2-29 2-46 2-50 2-50 2-34 2-87 2-97 2-29 2-40 I I II 21 13 7 I I 4 4 4-39-6-85 4-57-7-72 4-37-6-85 4-39-6-88 3-97-6-42 4-61-6-02 5-49 6-64 5-77 5-89 5-75 5-72 6-91 6-51 5-13 5-13 I I 12 25 14 9 2 I 4 4 7-74-8-77 7-17-9-90 7-72-8-64 7-44-8-85 8-51-9-03 7-44-8-21 7-53-8-25 7-84 8-12 8-o8 S-i6 8-14 8-26 8-77 8-12 7-87 7-98 I I 10 24 14 6 I I 4 4 10-34-11-85 9-64-12-89 10-09-12-50 10-59-11-83 10-32-11-11 IO-2I-II-34 12-47 10-63 10-99 11-05 11-02 11-19 11-76 10-68 10-72 10-83 1 Metre lengths 22. Skull length, condyle to tip of premaxilla 23. Flipper, tip to head of humerus 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean No. of measure- ments Range Mean wi- lale 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 I I I ~ 22-86 23-47 24-52 I I I I 11-96 12-99 12-16 12-87 I I II 19 II 6 1 I 3 4 7-45-9-45 7-81-9-09 7-87-8-99 8-48-8-84 8-63-8-94 8-40-9-95 8-24 9-00 8-51 8-44 8-32 8-68 8-62 9-79 8-74 8-92 332 DISCOVERY REPORTS Graphical representations of selected measurements from the foregoing tables are shown m Figs. 53 to 75, and it will be seen that in general the results are very similar to those which appear in the case of Blue whales. There is no important difference between the curves for the two sexes, except of course in the case of measurement No. 13, and though a slight distinction appears between Fin whales of South Georgia and South Africa, which will be dealt with immediately, there is no difference between the shapes of the curves. As in Blue whales, the anterior measurements (Figs. 53 to 62) show a relative increase as the whale-length increases. The increase is about 0-45 per cent per metre of whale- length as the whale-length increases from 14 to 22 m. The measurements referring to the posterior part of the body show a corresponding decrease. A feature of the anterior measurement which is very noticeable in female Fin whales and IS distinguishable in males (and, incidentally, in Blue whales of both sexes) is that the curves for South African whales fall in advance of the curves for South Georgian whales, to which, however, they correspond in shape. This means that the South African whales have relatively larger heads than those of the same total length at South Georgia. In Fin males the difference is about 07 per cent of the whale-length and in females about o-8 per cent of the whale-length. Among the posterior measurements we find that the female Fin whales again show a South African curve in advance of the South Georgian curve, which means that the South African whale has a relatively smaller tail than the South Georgian whale of the same size. In male Fin whales and Blue whales of both sexes this difference is not noticeable. As growth is accompanied by a relative increase in the size of the head and a relative decrease in the length of the tail, one may say that the South African whales (female Fin whales especially) have heads and tails whose proportions correspond with whales I to 2 m. longer at South Georgia. If the attainment of physical proportions goes on to some extent independently of growth in length, whales of the African coast would appear to be stunted and their smaller size accentuates the relatively increased size of the head and decreased size of the tail, while at South Georgia exactly the opposite happens. In support of this interpretation it may be pointed out that in the graphs of the anterior measure- ments a maximum head size is reached in Fin whales of South Africa at about 19 to 20 m. and the curve then drops to the level of the South Georgian whales which reach the maximum at about 23 m. It is possible that this difference in the bodily proportions of South Georgian and South African whales is due to a slightly emaciated condition among the latter caused by the relative scarcity of food. As to the other measurements illustrated in Figs. 71 to 75, we find no difference between the whales of the two localities in respect of measurement No 13 (Fig 71) or of measurements Nos. 17 and 18 (Figs. 72 and 73), but the depth of the tail (Figs 74 and 75) ,s again slightly greater in South Georgian whales. The size of the whale appears to make no difference to this measurement. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 333 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES -I 1 T 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 53. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 3. Tip of snout to blowhole. Fig. 54. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 3. Tip of snout to blowhole. LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 55. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape. South Georgia whales. T 1 1 1 1 J- T IS 20 2o LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 56. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 4. Tip of snout to angle of gape. South African whales. 334 DISCOVERY REPORTS LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES 2a- a: t~ -, , o ■--■ z /•"^^ ^^ ■' u ' vy^ •-] / ^/N J 21- / ^"^ < . X f- . _j O J f^ ^20- r' 1 o w I ^19- ^'' 1 H / / z y / u / ^18 ^ / UJ B. W Ol7- < a w > < 1 .1 1 1 1 \ 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 57. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye. Fig. 58. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 5. Tip of snout to centre of eye. LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 59. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper. South Georgia whales. -r 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 60. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 6. Tip of snout to tip of flipper. ■ South African whales. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 335 7: 1 '~ LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 61. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 62. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. 7^ ■ .0 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 63. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 8. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin. South Georgia whales. 20- K H \ 28- \ Z \ UJ -J 1 \ J 27- 1 \ < H I \ H . /\ UJ \\ / \ ■^,1- 1 */ \^ ' < 2,5- ' ^ ^^ 1 V / H z ** '^-^^^ UJ ^2*. i ^\ U4 a. \ UJ \ 2.t- < a: UJ < ■ 1 r. 1 1^ 1 .;, ' LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 64. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. S. Notch of flukes to posterior emargination of dorsal fin. South African whales. 336 DISCOVERY REPORTS 82- X \ Sai- \\ >J \_: L ►J30- < Y*^ ^H \ ^~ % o \ \ H u-'-i^- v*^ \ * o \ \ ^;:i 228- H ^"""^^ z \\ UJ \ \ "27- \ W \ O. \ UJ \ 2G- * < — I 1 1 1 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 65. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 10. Notch of flukes to anus. 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 66. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 10. Notch of flukes to anus. 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 67. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. II. Notch of flukes to umbilicus. South Georgia whales. -r 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 68. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. II. Notch of flukes to umbilicus. ■ South African whales. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 337 5*8-1 46- I- o r,i- Fig 1 1 1 1 15 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES . 69. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. 15 ' 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 70. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 12. Notch of flukes to end of ventral grooves. 11 12 i:j 14 15 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 71. Fin whales (upper curves males, lower cur%'es females). Measurement No. 13. Anus to reproductive aperture. South Georgia whales. South African whales. 338 DISCOVERY REPORTS —I 1 1 1 1 r- lij 17 \^^ I'-t -'u 21 LENC.TH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 72. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. No. 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. (See below.) - 125- 1: I: 1: /: 120- 1: / \ X Oil 5- 2 1 1: r. \\ 1 ; ■ 1 t 1 1 \- / / \ t % : - < < z t ^105- u V < > LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 73. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. No. 18. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. S. Georgia - - - S! Africa / Measurement No. 17. g" ^^^.^^ | Q Af • \ Measurement No. 18. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 339 K a 8-5 g7-5- T- 1 T T" A .^ ,^ . ' . A ^ iV ^ . .^ ^'' '■ ^'^ ^'^ " LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 74. Male Fin whales. Measurement No. 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin. I'l 12 13 11 15 lENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES 2-2 2a 24 Fig. 75. Female Fin whales. Measurement No. 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin. ' South Georgia whales. South African whales. 340 DISCOVERY REPORTS VARIATION OF MEASUREMENTS Fin males (S. Georgia), 20 to 22 m. Fin females (S. Georgia), 21 to 23 m. 3. Tip of snout to 4. Tip of snout to 5. Tip of snout to 6. Tip of snout to 7. Eye to ear blowhole angle of gape centre of eye tip of fl pper (centres) Range of Number of Range of Number Range of Number of Range of Number Range of Number of values values of values values of values (% of total readings (% of total readings (% of total readings {% of total readings (% of total readings length) 3 length) I n length) \ k 1 OS / 1 < SlOH / \ \ a. / \ \ J \ \ y \ \ / v^ 2 - 1 1 1 — — 1 — r I — I — 1 1 I 1 - T ■ ■• 1 " ' 6 7 8 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 89. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 16. Flipper, tip to axilla. Males. Females. 35° DISCOVERY REPORTS PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 90. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 17. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border. 8 9 10 11 12 l-i 11 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 91. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. i8. Flipper, length along curve of lower border. Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 351 ^ \ 1 \ I 1 \ 1 \ 1 \ 1 1 \ 1 \ -' 1 I 1 21 2-2 2;i 2 * 25 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 92. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 19. Flipper, greatest width. ■iA 24. 2.T PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 93. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 20. Severed head, condyle to tip. Males. Females. 352 DISCOVERY REPORTS 8 9 10 PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 94. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 21. Skull, greatest width. PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MEASUREMENT Fig. 95. Fin whales. Variations of measurement No. 24. Tail, depth at dorsal fin. Males. Females. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIX WHALES 353 whole mass of pigment slightly to the left side of the body, except inside the mouth, where it predominates on the right. The junction of the ventral white area with the dorsal pigment is rather irregular, and in places without any very definite line of demarcation. In the thoracic region the pigment reaches down on each side in irregular projections over the outer ventral grooves (see Plate XXXII, fig. 2, and Plate XXXIV, fig. i), which in places may be pigmented in the actual grooves but white on the ridges. The degree to which it extends over the grooves is variable, but the pigment on the left-hand side always reaches farther down than on the right. The ventral white area may reach without interruption to the ventral surface of the tail flukes, but frequently the pigmented area of the tail reaches farther down behind the anus to meet in the mid-ventral line and cut off the white area just in front of the flukes. At a point a short distance behind the anus there is on each side a narrow projection of pigment which reaches downwards and forwards towards the anus. These promontories may be so ill-marked as to be almost indistinguishable, or they may be about a yard long and meet at the anus . In Plate XXXI 1 1 , fig. 2 , one of these promon- tories can be seen, but the other is obscured by high lights on the whale's skin. In this whale the white ventral area extended well back to the tail flukes, while in Plate XXXIII, fig. I, which was a heavily pigmented whale, almost the whole of the white area behind the anus was obliterated by pigment. The rim of the pigment on each side, from about the region of the genital aperture (or sometimes farther forward) back to the tail flukes, may be fairly regular or may be broken up by a kind of mottled condition suggestive of galvanized iron. In the head region the left mandible is pigmented externally while the right is white. The outer edges of the baleen plates are all pigmented on the left side except for a few at the extreme anterior end, which may or may not be white. On the right side the anterior baleen plates, more than a third of the total number on that side, are white. The rest are pigmented, and the demarcation is always sharp. The right upper jaw is pigmented opposite the dark plates and is white opposite the unpigmented plates. The left upper jaw is pigmented along the whole of its length. All these details are illustrated in Plate XXXII, figs, i and 2, which show the right and left sides of the head of the same whale. Inside the mouth the asymmetry of the pigmentation is reversed. The inner side of the right mandible is pigmented while that of the left is whitish, and on the tongue pigment is predominant on the right. Very little pigment is present on the palate though a few pale streaks are usually visible at the posterior end and the extreme anterior tip is sometimes pigmented. The bristles on the inside of the baleen plates are all unpigmented. Certain light and dark streaks occur about the head and shoulders. There is always a well-marked narrow pale streak reaching backwards from the ear, which is well seen in Plate XXXII, fig. 2. It takes a slightly upward course at first and then turns down, becoming more diffuse and fading near the insertion of the flipper. There may also be an indefinite and not very pronounced pale streak running upwards and backwards from the axilla. There is regularly a V-shaped pale streak on the back. The apex of 354 DISCOVERY REPORTS the V is opposite the insertion of the flippers and hes in the mid-dorsal Une pointing forwards towards the snout. This mark is very noticeable in foetuses in which the dorsal pigment has started to develop. A long black band, 2 to 3 in. wide at first but increasing in width, runs backwards and upwards from the eye (see Plate XXXIV, fig. 3). The asymmetry of the pigmentation is very noticeable here, for the right shoulder and right side of the head are very much paler than the left, and in consequence the black band stands out in great contrast on the right side, while on the left it can hardly be said to exist, since almost the whole shoulder region is pigmented. On the whole, there is little individual variation in the pigmentation of Fin whales except around the ventral region posterior to the anus, and perhaps in the degree to which the pigment of the flanks extends over the ventral thoracic region. The restriction of the ventral white area and the prominence of the projecting strips of pigment behind the anus seem to go largely together and there is not really very much to say of the variation of an individual Fin whale, apart from the tone of the pigment, except that it is a heavily or lightly pigmented whale. From the descriptions given by Sars (1865) and True (1904) of the colouring of Fin whales from the North Atlantic one must suppose that the whales of the North and South Atlantic are very similar if not identical in colour and arrangement of the pigment. Pigment appears at a fairly early stage in the foetus. When the latter measures 0-5 m. to i-o m. it is present as a darkening of the skin on the top of the head, the anterior part of the back, the tip of the dorsal fin, the dorsal surface of the flukes and the outer surface of the flippers. At this stage the pigment is of a faint grey colour, confined apparently only to the superficial layer of skin, while the rest of the body is of a pinkish colour. As the pigment spreads backwards from the neck over the dorsal surface, the pale dorsal V-mark makes its appearance. The development of the colouring from now on through gestation consists in the deepening of the colour on the dorsal surface and the spreading of the pigment downwards over the flanks. The dorsal V-mark appears soon after the foetus measures i-o m. and it soon becomes even more prominent than in the adult whale. At 1-5 m. the lower jaw is well pigmented and the asymmetry of the colouring is already distinguishable. Before 3 m. is reached the pigmentation is similar to that of the adult except that the colour is still rather paler and the pigment has not reached so far down the flanks. The asymmetry of the pigment appears to be an invariable feature of the colouring of Fin whales. Among northern Fin whales this asymmetry may on rare occasions be reversed, as described by CoUett (19 12), the right instead of the left being the darker side. No such case, however, has appeared among all the whales we have examined, and if such a reversal does occur in the south it must certainly be extremely rare. It may be suggested, as a possible explanation of the shifting of the pigment over to the left side, that Fin whales swim slightly on their right side while under the water. Such a habit would seem rather peculiar, though perhaps not more so than the dis- placement of the pigment. We have made attempts to test this possibility by observa- EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 355 tions on whales at sea. While actually on the surface the Fin whales swim on an even keel. When they sound the last part of the body to disappear is the dorsal rim of the tail just above the insertion of the flukes. Our impression is that at the last moment there is a slight rotation to the right, but it is difficult to say for certain and more observations will be needed before the point can be confirmed. -; I , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I T 1 I I I I I ,'o I'l 1^ I'i U 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 96. Mean curve of growth of baleen in Fin whales. The plotted points represent the length of the baleen in individual whales. BALEEN The description already given of the development of the baleen in the Blue whale foetus applies equally to its development in the Fin whale foetus, and we may proceed with the growth of the baleen in relation to the growth of the whale. The recorded lengths of the longest plates are plotted against the length of the whale in Fig. 96. Except for the records of baleen in foetuses there are in the case of Fin whales, no measurements of the length of the baleen in individuals of less than i2-o m. 13-2 3S6 DISCOVERY REPORTS It is evident again that considerable individual variation takes place, but in this case the path of the plotted points indicates that the plates increase in length quite uni- formly, at any rate from 14 m. onwards. Therefore if there is any sudden spurt in the rate of growth of the baleen in young Fin whales it must be supposed that it takes place before the whale reaches 14 m. It is fairly certain that this spurt in growth takes place in Blue whales and it is consequently very probable that something of the same sort occurs in Fin whales. The curve representing the mean rate of growth of the baleen plates is therefore drawn as a continuous line for whales of more than 14 m. and as a dotted line for the smaller whales where its shape depends rather on analogy with Blue whales. This dotted line is intended to represent the most probable course of the rate of growth, the suggestion being that the rate suddenly increases when the whale measures about 13 m. The numbers of baleen plates in Fin whales are on the average greater than in Blue whales. The records may be tabulated as follows: Fin Whales Number of plates on one side Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 260-280 280-300 300-320 320-340 340-360 360-380 380-400 400-420 420-440 440-460 460-480 3 I I 7 6 4 2 I I I I I I 4 9 12 5 4 I I I I I I Total 25 2 39 4 Average Maximum Minimum 356 460 268 340 366 314 36s 473 262 392 440 352 The above table gives an idea of the limits within which the numbers of baleen plates may be expected to vary and shows that there are no grounds for drawing any distinction between males and females, or between the whales of South Georgia and South Africa in respect of this particular character. Observations on the baleen of Fin whales have also included the counting of the numbers of white plates (i.e. plates whose outer edges are white) on the right-hand side of the mouth. The results, analysed in the same way, are as follows: EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 357 Number of white plates Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200 200-220 2 6 15 8 3 I 4 2 3 3 I I 12 17 13 3 I 2 4 I I Total 35 12 47 9 Average Maximum Minimum 152 200 68 157 190 120 155 190 77 146 184 118 Here again very similar results appear for the different sexes and localities. The two males from South Georgia with less than 80 white plates are rather aberrant, but need not be regarded as of any particular significance as the number of whales in which these white plates were counted is not very great. Only seven measurements were made of the width of the baleen of Fin whales. These were as follows : Males Females Whale length Baleen width Width as a percentage of baleen length Whale length Baleen width Width as a percentage of baleen length *i4-45 19-75 21-10 32 40 42 68-0 71-5 73-8 *i5-35 *i5-47 22-40 23-00 34 32 46 46 68-0 61-S 60-5 71-0 Those marked with an asterisk are South African whales. Here again there are not sufficient data for a valid comparison to be made, but there is no suggestion of any diff"erence between the sexes or the two localities. Measurements of the spacing of the longest baleen plates also give negative resuhs. The distance separating them varies from about i-o cm. in 14 m. whales to about 1-8 cm. in 23 m. whales, the increase varying uniformly with the length of the whale. The readings are plotted in Fig. 97 from which it will be seen that no special distinction exists between males and females, or between whales of South Georgia and South Africa. 3S8 DISCOVERY REPORTS T U 13 LENGTH OF WHALE [N METRES Fig. 97. Spacing of baleen plates in Fin whales. The plotted points represent the spacing of the baleen plates in individual whales. (Black symbols represent South African whales and circular ones South Georgia whales.) VENTRAL GROOVES The description already given of the ventral grooves in Blue whales may be taken as applying also, in almost every particular, to Fin whales. A minor distinction perhaps is to be found in the posterior endings of the grooves. In Blue whales they may end evenly in the neighbourhood of the umbilicus but in many cases may be continued beyond this point in the form of irregular or broken up extra grooves and there may be a median groove joining the umbilicus and genital aperture. In Fin whales, on the other hand, the grooves always end very evenly near the umbilicus, and the median Fig. 98. Mammary grooves, genital aperture, etc., in female Fin whales (semi-diagrammatic); to show variations of the extra grooves in this region, m, mammary grooves. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF FIN WHALES 359 Number of ventral grooves Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 lOO-IIO 1 10-120 I 10 7 4 3 2 3 3 5 12 8 6 3 I 10 2 Total 25 8 34 13 Average Maximum Minimum 84 106 68 85 94 76 91 114 72 85 98 78 grooves do not show a very marked apex to the grooved area. The endings of the grooves are shown in Plate XXXIII, figs, i and 3. Other ilkistrations of the ventral grooves of Fin whales are Plate XXXII, fig. 2, and Plate XXXIV, fig. i. As in Blue whales there are some small extra grooves on each side of the reproductive aperture of the female. Examples of these are illustrated in Fig. 98. 66 67 137 144 61 « • 61 151 169 02. Fig. 99. Diagrams showing different arrangement of the hairs on the chin of eight and the rostrum of one Fin whale. The beard in each case is sketched from a position immediately in front of the mouth and the rostral hairs from a dorsal aspect. The numbers refer to individual whales. 360 DISCOVERY REPORTS In Fin whales again the number of ventral grooves which occur seems to be purely a matter of individual variation. Whale No. 67, for instance, had 72 grooves and its foetus 96; No. 179 had 92 and the foetus 88; and No. 186 had 100 grooves and the foetus 90. The numbers of grooves recorded and the variations which occur are shown in the table at top of page 359. Here again there is no particular distinction between the sexes and localities. In development the ventral grooves have usually appeared by the time the foetus reaches i m., and the full number is present at about 2-0 m. HAIR The positions at which the hairs are found have already been described in the section on Blue whales. In Fig. 99 diagrams are shown of the arrangement of the hairs on the chin of eight Fin whales and the rostrum of one. The arrangement on the chin in Nos. 137 and 169 is very typical of Fin whales. The hairs on the chin occur in about the same numbers as on Blue whales. The following is an analysis of the records made : Number of hairs on chin Males Females S. Georgia S. Africa S. Georgia S. Africa 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 2 4 3 13 6 4 2 I I 6 5 20 8 6 5 I 2 I Total 34 I 52 3 Average Maximum Minimum 30 40 17 30 30 30 31 44 19 37 39 31 Thus the figures for males and females correspond very closely and the few readings from South Africa fall close to the averages for South Georgia. FOOD, BLUBBER, AND EXTERNAL PARASITES It will be convenient to consider the food of whales together with the blubber and parasites in this section. The three subjects are not so disconnected as they first appear to be, for variations in the condition of the blubber are directly dependent on the whale's feeding, and the study of certain parasites involves investigations into the structure, and normal and pathological conditions of the blubber. THE FOOD OF WHALES 361 FOOD The food of whales is principally the concern of the ships employed in the investi- gations, for it is only by operations at sea that it can be effectively studied. A certain amount of information, however, is to be had from the examination of the stomach contents of the whales at the whaling stations. The species which constitute the whale's food can be determined, and a rough idea can be formed of the fluctuations in abundance and types of "krill" which occur on the whaling grounds. The whales caught at South Georgia (excluding the Sperm whale) feed exclusively on Eiiphaiisia superba (Fig. 100) and have no other food whatever in their stomachs apart from a few specimens of the Amphipod Euthemisto, which is so abundant in the plankton round South Georgia that the whales can hardly help swallowing a certain quantity. Fig. 100. Outline sketch of Euphausia superba (:■: i| approx.). Off the South African coast the little food in the stomachs was found to include Eiiphausia recurva, E. liicens and Nyctiphanes africamis, species which grow to a length of less than i in. Doubtless all species of Euphausian occurring in the locality are consumed without discrimination. One or two Humpbacks and one of the Fin whales examined at Saldanha Bay had fish in their stomachs. Sperm whales were feeding on cuttlefish, some of which appeared to have been of considerable size. The question of the migrations of whales has not yet been referred to, but it may be mentioned here that there is a general movement northwards into warmer waters for breeding during the southern winter and southwards for feeding during the southern summer. Little food is available in the lower latitudes, but in certain parts of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters Euphausia superba flourishes in immense quantities. It is to be found in dense shoals usually in the neighbourhood of land, and thus the great feeding grounds of the southern whales are situated in such places as the vicinity of South Georgia and the other Dependencies. The enormous abundance of the krill round South Georgia is revealed by an examination of the stomach contents of the whales caught there. Normally the stomach was found to be well filled with compara- tively fresh Euphausiids and an empty stomach was at most times an uncommon occurrence. Plate XXXV, fig. i, illustrates a typical case of the appearance of the stomach after a slight opening in it had been made. The whales examined at Saldanha Bay showed a marked contrast. Here the stomach was normally found to be empty or to contain a very small quantity of food and the K IV ^4 362 DISCOVERY REPORTS whales were correspondingly lean and ill-fed, except in cases where they appeared to have recently come north from the Antarctic. One may sometimes receive a false impression of the amount of food in the stomach when a small cut is made in some part of its wall. Part of the stomach may be isolated from the rest by the weight of some mass of flesh for instance, when the whale has been partly cut up, and most of the food may have been pushed into or away from this particular part. Further, the whale's stomach is separated into several different com- partments and one cannot always be certain which of these one is examining. It frequently happens that the stomach is torn or damaged in some way by the harpoon, so that much of its contents is lost in the body cavity. Allowance, however, can always be made for such an occurrence, as it can be detected by the presence of blood inside the stomach. Again, there is no doubt that a whale occasionally vomits when it is shot and the whole of the stomach contents may be lost. There has been more than one occasion on which we have noticed partly digested shrimps entangled in the bristles of the baleen, or inside the blowhole of a whale whose stomach was practically empty. Allowing for these occasionally deceptive conditions, however, one can in many cases say whether the stomach is empty or whether there is much, a moderate amount of, or little food in it. Occasionally it is also worth while examining the contents of the intestines. This is always of a reddish-brown colour in whales which have been feeding on the ordinary krill. The whales examined at South Georgia usually had very well-filled intestines, while in those at Saldanha Bay the intestines rarely contained more than thin patches of food, those in which the stomach was empty often having only a little greenish substance. In order to give an account of the fluctuations in abundance and type of the krill on which the whales examined were feeding it will be convenient to draw up a table showing for each half-month (a) the number of whales recorded as having empty stomachs or as having at least some food in the stomach, (b) the amount of food present in those cases where an opinion could be expressed, and (c) the dominant type of krill present. There are of course many more records of the actual presence of krill than there are of the amount of krill present. The "dominant type of krill" refers to the size of the individuals and the following symbols are used in the table : h = E. superba. Large, from 5-5 cm. to 6-5 cm. (rostrum to tail). M = ,, Medium sizes, from about 4-0 cm. to 5-0 cm. S = ,, Small, up to about 4 cm. X = ,, Mixtures of conspicuously different sizes. R = £". reciirva, etc., which do not show much variation in size. This classification is very rough and is not to be regarded as referring to definite instars of Euphaiisia (which can, indeed, be determined only with very great difficulty) ; but it will serve to give a general idea of the kind of fluctuations which take place. All krill-feeding species are included in the table. THE FOOD OF WHALES 363 192 5 1926 1927 v — — — ■d ^ _< — -a „ — :3 ^ ^ >. u M u ^ t-i n, u ^ c 4-1 >. u g j: n, J2 g j3 x 141 £ J5 S. J3 C4-I Locality Half- months X CO '? S '? a. c '% S '% 3 1 a C CO •i ■? '? 'u J3 3 ■6 n a c S e c 'p. (0 B — <7] .S s en s S — B " " " ;S -a " " " ? •a * " f- •0 u (U 2; — — -. 2; — PL, 24 12 12 -0 so z I I S M z 15 14 I 0^ 93 I I 4 a: X South Georgia January ,, — — — — — — — ■12 44 8 8S 21 10 10 M 22 20 2 qi 3 — 4 M February 1 I — (loo) I — M 6s SQ 6 91 26 17 10 M 10 8 2 80 2 2 X ,, 8 8 — 100 2 — 2 L 29 2S 4 86 12 4 8 M 28 25 3 89 2 2 2 X March II 10 I 91 8 — L 21 21 100 II 5 5 M 26 22 4 «5 3 — 3 X ,, 20 20 — 1 00 8 2 L IS 14 I 93 8 1 — M 20 iq I qs — — I X April 10 q I 90 3 I I L — — — — 18 14 4 7« — — 3 X n IS n 2 S7 S 2 ■! L — — — — — — — 15 12 3 80 — — 2 X May 5 s 100 I — 3 L — • — — — — — — — — — — — — South Africa June July August September October — — — — — — — 36 20 10 19 54 IS 37 14 13 12 4 4 30 4 12 10 23 6 IS 24 II 16 4 60 40 47 S6 27 57 40 I 3 3 I 2 2 I 6 2 I 9 9 4 3 19 4 16 7 R R R R R R R R South Georgia October November 8 7 7 7 I 87 100 S 2 2 L L — — — — — — — — ,, S 2 ^ 40 I — I L 21 20 I 9S 9 — 4 S December 6 4 2 66 2 I I L 28 14 27 9 I 5 96 64 2 I 5 I I X X The table suggests that fluctuations of the following nature took place in the food supply during the periods in which the whales were examined : South Georgia, February to May 1925. Large krill were abundant and the whales well fed during February and March, but the supply seems to have been slightly reduced during April and May. South Georgia, 1925-6 Season. Plenty of large krill were present in October and the first part of November, but they became scarcer later in November and in the first part of December. No whales were examined in the second half of December, but in January the large krill appear to have been suddenly replaced by a smaller type, scarce at first (unless the whales had difficulty in finding it) and then eaten in fair quantities. This krill seems to have become most plentiful in the earlier part of March. It is an interesting fact that the new type of krill which appeared in January was accompanied by a striking change in the whale population round South Georgia, for whales were very scarce during October, November and December, especially during December. But at about the new year immense numbers of Fin whales appeared. They were found first about 70 miles from the island and seemed to be finding very little food. Later they came closer to the coast and larger quantities of food were found in their stomachs. Saldanha Bay, 1926. Food was extremely scarce here compared with South Georgia, 14-2 364 DISCOVERY REPORTS as may be seen from the high proportion of empty stomachs. Even of those in which food was present the vast majority are noted as containing only a few very small Euphausiids. South Georgia, 1926-7 Season. Food appears to have been fairly plentiful during the second part of November and first part of December, but to have fallen off a little in the second part of December. It was fairly plentiful again during January and February, but less abundant in March and April. The krill differed from that of other seasons in the fact that there was in most cases a noticeable mixing of Euphausiids of different sizes. These were not always mixed indiscriminately in the stomach. Large or small indi- viduals might be found together in different parts of the mass of stomach contents, or patches of large ones might occur in a mass of smaller forms, suggesting that the whale had been feeding on separate shoals which differed in respect of the sizes of the individuals. During this season there was a high proportion of unusually small Euphausiids, though fully grown forms were also found from time to time. BLUBBER The highest grade of whale oil comes chiefly from the blubber, and the quantity and quality of the blubber is therefore a matter of direct importance to the whaler. If blubber were always of the same thickness and contained an invariable percentage of oil, the size of the whale would be the determining factor in the total yield of oil from the blubber. Other factors are present, however, which have an appreciable effect on the yield, although the size of the whale must of course be the predominant factor. It is already known that differences of a regular nature occur in the thickness of the blubber. Risting (1912), speaking of the Humpback, says that on the average it is very fat in proportion to its size, and the blubber thickness varies according to the season and food. In a later work (1928) the same author states that the quantity of oil produced from a whale depends upon a number of factors, especially the size of the animal, thickness of the blubber and the content of fat in the blubber and carcass. Again, speaking of the stock of whales off the coast of South Africa, Risting mentions the extreme fatness of pregnant whales — a fact which is noticeable at South Georgia as well as at South Africa. Olsen (1914-15), reporting on the whales of South Africa, notes that Fin whales caught from March to June were nearly all small and lean. The fattest whales were females with foetuses. If accompanied by young the females were leaner. Risting has used the total oil output of the whaling stations with the total number of whales caught to give a figure for the "fatness" of each season's catch in barrels of oil per "Blue whale unit." This unit is based upon the assumption that a Blue whale gives twice as much oil as a Fin whale, two and a half times as much as a Humpback, and six times as much as a Sei whale from the same field of operations. Calculated on these lines the results show that whales in the south (South Georgia and South Shet- lands) are far more productive than those occurring further north, say at Saldanha Bay or Durban. THE BLUBBER OF WHALES 3^5 Other differences in the thickness of the blubber are recognized by the flensers at the whaHng stations in South Georgia. Thus whales covered with the brownish-yellow film of diatoms are fatter than those without it, and the large Blue whales taken at the end of the season are fatter than those taken earlier. During our three seasons' work at South Georgia and one at South Africa a large number of blubber measurements were obtained. It is not suggested that the work done in these areas is complete, for many more measurements must be collected before more than good general indications of the changes in the blubber can be shown. Further, it is unfortunate that the data in any year must be broken by a period of several months owing to the closing of the stations. Our measurements, however, are sufficient for tracing the effect of differences in the length of the whale, changes taking place during the year, the effect of pregnancy and lactation, and so on. As explained on p. 267, the thickness of the blubber was generally measured at a point opposite the dorsal fin and on the flank midway between the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral lines. Changes in blubber thickness with length of whale. The Blue and Fin whales taken at the whaling stations have a fairly definite range of size. Nearly all Blue whales measure from 17 m. to 26 m. and nearly all Fin whales from 1 5 m. to 23 m. By comparmg the averages of blubber thickness for metre length differences between these limits it is possible to find whether the thickness of the blubber is correlated with the size of the whale. The results for each species and sex are shown graphically in Figs. loi to 104. It is seen from these that in addition to differences in the volume of blubber present, due to the different sizes (i.e. areas) of the whales, there is a relative general increase in thickness with increasing whale length. The average difference in actual thickness of the blubber of the smallest and largest whales is about 2-5 cm. The large whales captured off Saldanha Bay are relatively fat. The graphs show that they were actually fatter than whales of corresponding length at South Georgia, while South African whales at the average length at which sexual maturity is reached were leaner than those of South Georgia. The explanation of the differences in the average thickness will be apparent later when the thickness of the blubber in relation to the size of the whale is considered and the nature of the stock of whales off the South African coast is examined. By calculation of the thickness of the blubber as a percentage of the total length of the whale, comparison is possible between the thickness of the blubber of all whales of the same species and sex apart from the changes due to differences in length. This method shows whether any seasonal increase or decrease in thickness occurs and —in the females— how much the blubber is affected by pregnancy and lactation. Before considering the results it should be pointed out that at the station in Saldanha Bay the catch was almost entirely composed of immature animals giving a decided impression of leanness which contrasted strongly with the extra fatness of the few large whales captured there. This fact suggested that a separation of the measurements in both areas into two groups might show changes in the blubber of the immature 366 DISCOVERY REPORTS U 15 or WHALE IN METRES Fig. loi. Male Fin whales. Variations of thickness of blubber with length of whale. 11- («10' ,^x UJ « • S 9- s V ^^Xll__— -^^^-^ ■S 8- \ ^^,0-^ X z \ ^^^^"^ ^ \ ^ _,' 2 7- ca S S ^..,.-..-- , cC^*" *':^^\- - ' ' ' CQ -* ** D ^""''^ ^ -J ^ ca 6- ^ ^ -- — - o ' ■■ (^ ^' UJ Z b: H4. S H LU U 3- < « [U > I 18. IM 2U •j'l A ■-■■•1 .!4 i MAY T r JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. -« SOUTH AFRICA OCT — >■ Fig. 105. Male Fin whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. (Separate curves for 1925-6 and 1926-7 seasons.) Whales more than 20-0 ni. long. Whales less than i8-o m. long. Mo i-)U OCT. NOV. < -r DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. SOUTH GEORGIA 1 1 1 r APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT »• ■« SOUTH AFRICA »• Fig. 106. Male Blue whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. — Whales more than 23-0 m. long. Whales less than 19-0 m. long. The similarity of the results obtained for the males and resting females indicates the general conclusion that whales are fatter at the end of the season at South Georgia than they are at the beginning and that a decrease in blubber thickness takes place in South African waters. The increase in average blubber thickness of adult whales at South Georgia should be due to good feeding and fattening in that neighbourhood, where the food, as already explained, is available in abundance. The possibility might be suggested that the increase in fatness may be due to increasing numbers of fat whales arriving in South Georgian waters from other, apparently richer, feeding grounds as 15 370 DISCOVERY REPORTS the season advances. If the small whales that appear about January have come from northern waters, as their leanness, size, and frequently parasitized condition very strongly suggest, the upward trend of their average blubber thickness shown in Figs. 1 06 and 107 favours the theory that fattening actually takes place on the local feeding ground. T r r JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT SOUTH AFRICA >• Fig. 107. Female Fin whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. - Whales more than 20-0 m. long (excluding pregnant and lactating whales). - Whales less than i8-o m. long. cQm Pes T 1 1 r OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR -< SOUTH GEORGIA r APR. T MAY T 1 1 r JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT -< SOUTH AFRICA >■ Fig. 108. Female Blue whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. — Whales more than 23-0 m. long (excluding pregnant and lactating whales). - Whales less than 19-0 m. long. Turning now to the South African whales we see that the adult Fin whales make a late appearance in the catch at Saldanha Bay. Both Fin and Blue whales are very fat at the beginning of the season, as fat indeed as the end-of-season whales at South Georgia. This points to a migration to the African coast from rich feeding grounds, though not necessarily from the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. Certainly they have THE BLUBBER OF WHALES 371 not been staying for long off the coast of South Africa, for the majority of their stomachs were empty in spite of their fatness. Further, the average thickness of blubber shows OS H )CT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT ■* SOUTH GEORGIA *' Fig. 109. Pregnant and lactating Fin whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. Pregnant. Lactating. OGO- 0-55- ^o . f- ^ 0-30- « H BJZ gSo-25- ■-1U tec OCT, 1 NOV. T -r -r— FEB. DEC. JAN. •SOUTH GEORGIA T — I r— APR. MAY T —I — AUG. T MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT -»■ ■* SOUTH AFRICA- Fig. no. Pregnant and lactating Blue whales. Monthly average thickness of blubber. Pregnant. Lactating. a decided tendency to fall as the season advances. In other words the longer the whales stay the leaner they become. The reason now appears why the large whales at South Africa have a higher average thickness than those of the same length at South Georgia as shown in Figs. loi to 104. 15-2 372 DISCOVERY REPORTS In these figures the actual thickness of the blubber is shown. The large whales of South Georgia are a mixture of thin and fat individuals occurring during the season, while at South Africa the large whales are all fat. The outstanding feature of the catches at Saldanha Bay is the high proportion of immature whales taken, and it is to be noted that they had a very low average thickness of blubber all through the season. The west coast of Africa seems to be a sort of nursery area for young whales and it does not seem unreasonable to connect them in some way with the thin immature whales which arrive in southern waters usually late in the season. Pregnancy and Lactation. The blubber is always thick during pregnancy. A glance at Figs. 109 and no will show that the average thickness is always above the normal. They appear to follow the general rule that the whales of South Georgia become fatter towards the end of the season. Many more measurements of blubber thickness are needed for both pregnant and lactating whales, but the few records available for the latter are very interesting. The thinness of the blubber of these whales at South Georgia, and its thickness at South Africa have already been mentioned. In Fig. no the results are shown for Blue whales. There is a decrease in thickness from June to October (South Africa). At South Georgia lactating whales were lean and those taken in February, March and April were apparently rapidly becoming leaner. Of the Fin whales there were no records for lactating females at Saldanha Bay. Those captured at South Georgia from December to March were, like the Blue whales, very lean. There seems to be no doubt of the significance of the great difference in the measure- ments at the two places. The blubber is very thick at Saldanha Bay because the whales have not long given birth. From the fact that the blubber during pregnancy is at all times above the normal thickness one would expect that at the onset of lactation the whales would be fat. This explanation covers also the fact of the leanness of the whales at South Georgia which are thus very near the end of the lactation period. Diatom film. Little can be said with regard to the correlation of the diatom films with fatness in whales. Small patches of film occur on some whales at South Georgia throughout the season. From February onwards thick films covering a large part of the body were sometimes recorded. The immature whales were usually free but patches were found occasionally in the later months. Two immature Blue whales in March and April 1927 had thick and extensive films. Small spots of diatoms were seen on a few immature whales at Saldanha Bay in August and September, but all the mature whales at this station appeared to be free. Conditions favouring the rapid growth of diatoms occur in southern waters in February, March and April, and as has been shown, at this time the whales are rapidly becoming fatter. EXTERNAL PARASITES OF WHALES 373 EXTERNAL PARASITES The species of external and internal parasites of whales will be dealt with in separate papers. They have not been thoroughly examined at the time of writing and are there- fore dealt with only very briefly here. The greater part of this section is devoted to an account of certain scars, of which the origin is rather obscure, but which are probably to be attributed to a parasite or parasites of some kind. The external parasites of whales are mostly crustaceans, and the commonest internal parasites are tapeworms and Acanthocephala. The following external parasites have been collected from Blue and Fin whales (apart from certain more or less minute forms found on the baleen) : Cirripedia. Copepoda. Coromtla regina. Pennella sp. Conchoderma auritutn. Amphipoda. C. virgatum. Cyamiis sp. XenobalaJius globicipitis. Diatoms. Ectoparasites in general are rarely found on Blue and Fin whales at South Georgia. Infection seems to take place more easily in the warmer waters of the South African coast, where Pennella is particularly common. At South Georgia such external parasites as do occur are generally fully grown, while those observed at South Africa included, at any rate in the case of Coronula and Pennella, young ones in all stages besides the fully grown individuals. It appears that whales become infected with these external parasites during their stay in the warmer waters, but lose them on migrating to the colder waters of the south. The film of diatoms is the only exception to this, for it is undoubtedly contracted in the summer in the Antarctic or sub-Antarctic waters. Early in the season it may be seen in its initial stages in the form of little round green patches on the skin, an inch or so in diameter. These patches appear to be growing colonies, which gradually expand from numerous centres and eventually cover perhaps the whole body within a few months. These diatoms were described by Bennett (1920) and identified by Nelson (1920) as a species of Cocconeis. The ability of a whale to throw off the Pennella which most commonly attack Blue and Fin whales, seems to have some physiological significance, for it is often found that a whale taken at South Georgia with a number of these parasites in its blubber is suffering from some internal growth or disease. Internal parasites are to be found more commonly than the external Crustacea, and they are often present in great numbers in whales from both South Georgia and South Africa. Blue whales are more often parasitized than Fin whales, in fact more than half the individuals of the former species from both localities contain tapeworms or Acantho- cephala or both in their intestines. In both species the younger whales are normally more heavily infected than the older ones. We may now turn to an account of a kind of disease to which all southern Blue and Fin whales seem to be subject. All the whales of these species caught at South Georgia are marked by numbers of whitish scars which are very difli'erent in appearance from 374 DISCOVERY REPORTS the irregular white or grey flecks scattered over the skin in Blue whales which are due, apparently, simply to incomplete pigmentation of the epidermis. ^.^_^^__^^,,^^ The scars are obviously the result of wounds or sores. They occur mainly on the posterior end of the body, sometimes in / such numbers that the colour of the animal is distinctly paler on the sides above the anus than at the head or in the flipper ,..■:- . ■■...■,- _. - region. The scars are normally more numerous on the larger whales than on the smaller ones. They are usually of an oval shape with the long axis of the oval parallel with the long axis of the animal's body (Plate XXXVI, fig. lo). Sometimes they are quite white and sometimes composed of radiating white streaks. The centre line is an elongated cicatrix generally somewhat sunk below the level of the epidermis. Occasionally the scars take the form of a white crescent (Plate XXXVI, fig. 5). At Saldanha Bay nearly all the whales captured had open wounds or pits on the flanks and tail, as well as various healing stages of these pits and white scars like those found on the whales at South Georgia. The open, unhealed pits of the South African whales were not seen at South Georgia and only rarely were the partly healed pits to be found there. The open pits of the South African whales are very re- markable (Plate XXXVI, fig. 6). They are oval, scooped-out wounds in the skin and blubber about 7 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad and 3 cm. deep. The long axis is usually parallel to the long axis of the whale's body. From the appearance of the wounds one might think that a lump of blubber had been scooped out at a single stroke by some sharp spoon-shaped instrument, but a close examination shows that a fringe of minute processes arise at the edge of the pit just beneath the border of the epithelium (Plate XXXVI, fig. 6). No marks suggestive of teeth outside the lip or inside the pit can be seen, and the fringed edge does not give the impression that it has been caused by say a sucking mouth. The surface of these pits is naked, unaltered blubber. Of almost equal frequency are pits of similar shape with a flabby disc of greyish tissue attached by its centre to the middle of the base of the pit (Plate XXX, fig. 8). This disc, ap- parently, is thrown off during the process of healing of the pit. Sometimes crescent-shaped wounds were found. The an- r- c ^ r i^ig. III. buccessive stages pearance of this kind of pit suggests that the scooping action in the formation and healing which might have gouged out the open pits had been arrested °^ ^ P" '" *^^ blubber. so that a free flap of tissue remained attached to one side of the pit (Plate XXXVI, EXTERNAL PARASITES OF WHALES 37S figs. 2 and 4). Sometimes the crescent is short, as though only sHght penetration had occurred, at other times the scooping action seems almost to have been completed so that the free flap of blubber and skin remains attached by a thread as it were to the edge of the pit. A kind of scar tissue covers the blubber surfaces within the crescent pit, and this peels at the edges during heaUng. In the healing stages the epidermal layer loses its sharp edges and grows gradually inwards, while the blubber fibres grow up and draw together (Plate XXXVI, fig. 9). Pigment is not present in the later stages so that when the wound is completely healed the scar is white. In sections the scar tissue shows up as a mass of converging fibres (Plate XXXVII, fig. 3). White crescent scars, formed probably by prompt healing of a wound which never got beyond the initial stages, are found sometimes, but they are not numerous. Careful examination of the whales at Saldanha Bay led to the discovery of occasional crescentic grooves with a few minute slots in the course of the groove (Plate XXXVI, fig i). The slots led into a subcutaneous crescentic canal following the arc of the • • 1 surface depression. Microscopic examination of the contents showed nothmg m the canal but numerous bacteria. Specimens of all the stages observed have been collected from whales at Saldanha Bay and South Georgia, and examined from the histological point of view. Sections show a number of interesting points connected with the earlier stages and a possible causative agent. As the primary cause of the pits remains in some doubt it is of course not certain that the stage of the curved groove with its minute punctures is connected with the pits. It seems logical, however, to connect this stage with the crescent-shaped incisions. If one imagines a continuation of the process forming the crescent flap and the final throwing off of the latter, an open pit will be formed. Thus the stages fall into a natural order, beginning with the arc-shaped groove and the epidermal canal followed by the crescent pit. Occasionally this heals, to form the crescentic scar, but more frequently the whole centre is thrown ofl" leaving scar tissue over the surface of the exposed blubber. This is sloughed off as the flabby disc referred to above, and leaves the clean open pit (Fig. iii). It is quite probable that the initial stages are more frequent in regions further north than Saldanha Bay. This is suggested by the difficulty of obtaining evidence as to the primary cause of the pits and by the fact that whales in the colder waters of the south show only scars and a few late healing stages. It is reported by Olsen (1913) that wounds " filled with mortifying fat " were very numerous in the few old and apparently diseased specimens (of Bryde's whale, B. brydei) taken at Port Alexander, which is over 1000 miles north of Saldanha Bay. Similarly, the blubber of whales off the coast of Ecuador is, according to Risting, often more or less covered with deep holes filled with matter. Sections of the arc-shaped groove show a deep cleft in the pigmented epidermal layer. In the blubber beneath is a wedge-shaped mass of tissue with deeply staining nuclei (Fig. 112). In this area the blubber has been completely replaced by this 376 DISCOVERY REPORTS nucleated tissue. At the edge of the wedge of blubber cells are to be seen in process of destruction and some are filled with small brownish needle-shaped crystals. These are probably blood-crystals (Fig. 113). Fig. 113. Blubber cells with blood crystals at the edge of the inflammatory tissue of a wound. (Part of section shown in Fig. 112 enlarged.) Fig. 112. Transverse section of an arc -shaped wound in the epidermis and the blubber beneath. Dr John Taylor, pathologist at St Thomas's Hospital, kindly undertook to examine some of the specimens. He found that at all the exposed surfaces inflammatory tissue was present. The wedge-shaped mass of nucleated tissue was inflammatory in character EXTERNAL PARASITES OF WHALES 377 <^ rv.-; and might result from a wound or abrasion of some kind. In sections of the flabby disc (Fig. 114) he found a number of ciHated protozoa (Fig. 115) embedded in the tissue by which the base of the disc was attached to the bottom of the pit. He considered that these might quite hkely be the cause of wounds if the epidermis had been damaged sHghtly to allow their entry. On the under surface of the free edge of the flabby disc there are matted ribbons of what look like rod- shaped bacteria (Fig. 116). From their position one would suppose that these are a secondary infection. The flabby disc itself consists of an outer zone of disintegrated cells. Farther in are dead blubber cells. Beneath these is a zone of inflammatory tissue and then come the fibres already mentioned in which the protozoa were found. In seeking the cause of these pits we must consider a number of possible agents. The balance of proba- bility indicates that they are primarily the work of micro-organisms, but this cannot be regarded as proved. On the other hand, it does not seem possible to explain the various stages by any of the theories previously advanced. Coronula (Goodall, 1913), Pennella (Olsen, 1913), and sucking fishes (Olsen, 191 3) have all been blamed, and biting fishes have been suggested. Lillie (19 15) supposed that open wounds of evidently the same nature in Humpbacks at New Zealand had been caused by damage from sharp rocks. Fig. 114. Section of the "flabby disc." Taking these in turn it can be shown first that «, dead cells of surface disc; 6, heavily ^ / 1 11 1 -1 1 rT-i • V nucleated tissue; c, protozoa; ^, base Coronula can hardly be responsible. This parasite of attachment to centre of pit. leaves a surface impression, but even when somewhat ■si^ Fig. 115. Ciliated protozoa in scar tissue. embedded in the skin it does not penetrate below the pigmented epidermis (Plate XXXVII, fig. i). When the furrows and ridges of the impression have flattened out 16 378 DISCOVERY REPORTS after the disappearance, from one or other cause, of the barnacle, there is left a greyish symmetrical pattern on the epidermis that cannot be mistaken for the scars caused by healed pits (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2). Pennella grows very deeply into the blubber — much further than the depth of the pits — and affects the skin and blubber only immediately around its narrow "stalk." Secondary infection of the open pits with Pemwlla often takes place, but there seems no possibility that this parasite is responsible for the formation of the pits either by its own activities or as a reaction on the part of the whale to these activities. It is true that Pennella may leave a scar of its own, but this is smaller and quite distinct from the scars left by the pits. ^^ V\''-^' There have been reports from the whalers at Saldanha Bay of fishes (apparently Myxinoids) occasionally attached ^'S- ^?^-. Rod-shaped , , , _, r 1 rill bacteria in scar tissue, to the whales at sea. boon alter the capture of the whales the fishes were said to loosen their hold so that specimens were never taken. Myxinoid fishes can in fact be caught by hook and line in Saldanha Bay, though these are far too small to have caused the pits. In this connection Olsen (1913) remarks as follows: "A species of Myxinoid makes similar wounds in Brj'de's whale, but I did not obtain specimens because they always leave the whale when it is dragged out of the water. I do not know whether they are to be found on the whale when alive or only after its death". There is no doubt that the wounds noted by Olsen at Durban are the "pits" under discussion. A very good illustration of them is given in his paper. He describes them as "fresh wounds with a length of as much as 10 cms. and 3-4 cms. deep, caused by parasites, generally Peftnella". It is probable that wounds caused by a sucking fish would show signs of the method by which they had been made, and such fishes cannot be imagined to make the crescentic pits. The same objection applies to biting fishes, although certain species might possibly manage to make the open pit in one bite. It is in fact the partially cut pit shown in Plate XXXVI, fig. 4, with its free flap of practically unaffected blubber which constitutes the great objection to any kind of bite, gash or macro-parasite, as a possible cause of the open pits and the scars, for there seems to be no conceivable process by which such agents could cause this particular stage. One can only suppose that there is some micro- organism which, having penetrated the skin, propagates itself through a peculiar kind of curving plane, undermining a piece of blubber which finally drops out and leaves an open pit. It should be mentioned that instances of fishes biting into the blubber of whales have been known. Scoresby (1820) describes how the Greenland Shark {Laemargus borealis) bites "hemispherical pieces", "nearly as big as a person's head", out of the blubber of the living Greenland whale. Laemargus does not occur, however, in the south, and if it did it could hardly be the cause of the pits in question. It is con- ceivable that the whale's epidermis might be pierced by a bite of some kind and that THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 379 infection by some micro-organism then sets in, resulting eventually in the formation of the pit. Callorhynchus, for instance, is a fish with remarkable projecting teeth, but there is still the difficulty that the walls of the pit are normally absolutely vertical at the edge (i.e. at right angles to the surface of the blubber), and it is difficult to imagine any kind of teeth even starting such a wound. The presence of pits and scars on whales from widely separated localities such as New Zealand, Ecuador, South Georgia and South Africa, gives a kind of unity to the southern whales. It shows a common experience confined to whales in the warmer water of the ocean, leaving its mark on the whales that migrate. It strengthens the theory of a north and south migration between the temperate or sub-tropical waters and the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. The open pits seem never to have been described in whales of the northern hemi- sphere . They are mentioned neither by True ( 1 904) nor by Sars ( 1 878 , 1 880) and they do not appear to be present on the whales of which True shows photographs . Irregular grey patches on the flanks and white patches on the ventral grooves are mentioned by these authors, but this is probably concerned with the normal colouring of the whales. White scars are mentioned by CoUett (19 12) on Sei whales from West Finmark and by Burfield and Hamilton on Fin whales from Bellmullet, Ireland. From Burfield's description of "large oval grey spots with radiating dark lines 2i in. x li in.", one would perhaps suppose that these whales had at some time suffered from open pits. More than one kind of scar, however, is liable to appear on the skin of whales, and further observations are needed from northern stations before the point can be settled. IV. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS The systematic examination of the genitalia includes some of the most important observations in the work at whaling stations, and certain aspects of the physiology of the reproductive organs must be examined in considerable detail. Previous descriptions of the genitalia of Cetacea have been few, and for the most part, not very helpful. Turner (1871) describes the uterus and foetal membranes of Orcinus, but the paper by Meek (1918) on the reproductive organs of the porpoise and some other species is probably the most useful general description though this does not include any account of Blue and Fin whales. Since there is no difference of any importance between the genitalia of Blue and Fin whales the following account may be considered to have a general application except where otherwise indicated. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA There is not very much to be said with regard to the external genitalia, but systematic notes have been made on them and their appearance sometimes gives a little information on the sexual condition of the whale. In the female the vulva is 38o DISCOVERY REPORTS situated in a deep groove immediately in front of the anus (Plate XXIX, fig. 2, and Plate XXXIII, fig. 3). In immature whales this groove is usually tightly closed, but in mature whales it is generally slightly open so that the clitoris is just visible. On each side of the genital groove are the slits which contain the nipples of the mammary glands. As stated on p. 276, the average distance between the anus and reproductive aperture in, for instance, female Blue whales is 2-6 per cent of the total length, or 0-65 m. in a 25-0 m. whale. The most important observations to be made are probably those concerned with indications of " heat " in females, but we have met with only one case in which a whale appeared to be in this condition. In No. 775 the genital groove was rather more open than usual and the clitoris was pushed outwards by a slight eversion of the vagina. The latter was noticeably congested and contained some clear mucus. The actual presence of mucus appears to mean little, for it is present in most whales and is often found to be issuing in considerable quantities from the vagina, but instead of being clear it is normally cloudy and viscous. The condition of the external genitalia may also occasionally be useful in indicating the approach of parturition in pregnant whales. In Nos. 154 and 175 the vulva was greatly swollen and the genital groove stretched open to a remarkable extent as though from considerable internal pressure. These two whales were found to contain foetuses measuring 6-3 and 6-05 m. respectively, and it is to be supposed that parturition was to take place very shortly. In the male, the penis is retractile and is normally completely withdrawn into the cavity within the genital groove. The exterior then presents a long groove which differs from that of the female in its shape and in its more forward position (Plate XXX, fig. 2). Whereas in the female the anus lies immediately at the posterior end of the genital groove, in the male there is a considerable distance between the two. The average distance between the anus and genital aperture in this sex is 6 to 7 per cent of the total length, and this measurement gives in fact the most obvious distinction between the sexes. The shape and proportions of the penis are illustrated in Plate XXXIII, fig. i. In the carcasses of males brought to the whaling station the penis is frequently fully extruded, but this takes place gradually, after the whale has been killed, during the period when it is being towed back to the whaling station. In fully grown Blue and Fin whales the penis measures usually from 2 m. to 2-5 m., but adult specimens (e.g. No. 1229) have been recorded in which the penis measured considerably less than 2 m. Observations on the size of the penis may be useful as a means of deciding at a glance whether a whale is sexually mature or not, for this organ undergoes considerable growth at maturity. This method, however, is unreliable in the case of whales which have recently been or are about to become mature. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 381 THE VAGINAL BAND The vaginal band is a unique structure which is of sufficient interest to be considered separately from the other external genitalia. It was first noticed in a specimen of the external genitalia of a Fin whale sent to England from the South Shetlands by Mr J. E. Hamilton. It was then thought to be an abnormality of an interesting type, but the examination of whales at South Georgia and Saldanha Bay shows that it is by no means a rare occurrence among Fin whales and so should be included in any description of their structure. In most immature female Fin whales, as already mentioned, the genital groove is closed so that little or nothing can be seen of the genitalia ; and when the blubber is removed the vulva is frequently removed with it. This probably accounts for the fact that no mention of a vaginal band appears previously to have been made. The clitoris is an incurved, keeled structure about 8-o cm. long, with a trilobed apex directed backwards. Under the clitoris are the openings of a pair of small glands; and immediately behind these, between a pair of fleshy lobes, opens a larger unpaired duct which is the urethra. Behind the urethra and nearly covered by the apex of the clitoris is a small projecting mass of tissue with papilliform appendages. From the posterior side of this mass stretches a thick strand 7 or 8 cm. long and not less than i cm. in diameter, across the large, somewhat star-shaped entrance to the vagina, to the posterior border of which it is attached (Plate XXXIX, figs, i, 2 and 3). In mature Fin whales one end of this band was sometimes found as a tag 5 or 6 cm. long usually attached anteriorly, but signs of recent rupture of a complete band were not found. The band is composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue with a few small blood- vessels. Many minute convoluted ducts course through the tissue, which also con- tains a few droplets of oil. Transverse sec- tions show that the character of the band is not similar throughout. That part — about one-third — which faces the opening of the vagina is covered with papillae. At each side the papillae give place to a typical epi- dermis which covers the remaining two- thirds of surface and resembles the epi- dermis covering the blubber (Fig. 117). Sections give the impression that the outer surface epidermis has grown in round a solid strand of the underlying tissue but has not completely covered the inner surface. Of the total of 145 immature female Fin whales, the band was present in 31 (21-4 per cent) and in the total of 206 mature Fin Fig. 117. Section of the vaginal band. V, ventral, or outer surface. 382 DISCOVERY REPORTS whales the tag was observed in 14 (6-8 per cent). Not all these whales were examined for this structure, but it was definitely not present in 40 immature Fin whales. Of 36 female Fin whale foetuses 5 (14 per cent) possessed the band while 2 definitely did not. Again in some cases observations could not be made. There is some evidence that this peculiarity is not hereditary. In Fin whales Nos. 173 and 289 vaginal bands occurred in the foetuses but there was no sign of a tag in the adults. The broken ends, however, may possibly have been reabsorbed so far as to be inconspicuous. In Nos. 286 and 332 there was a tag in each of the parent whales and no band in either of the foetuses. One foetus, however, was very rotten and it is just possible that a band may have been missed. Whale No. 1494, a Blue female, possessed a tag attached anteriorly. This was the only case where evidence of the vaginal band was found in any species other than Fin whales. The presence of an unbroken vaginal band usually denotes sexual immaturity, for it is difficult to see how coition could occur without rupture of the band, and coition probably occurs quite shortly after the female becomes adult. In this way it appears to be somewhat analogous to the hymen in the human subject. There are two cases, however, of vaginal bands occurring in whales, one of which appeared to be on the threshold of maturity, and the other just passed maturity. In the former, whale No. 139, one of the ovaries showed a large vesicle 6-5 cm. in diameter which was apparently an enlarged Graafian follicle. The ovaries appeared otherwise to be immature. They were small, weighed comparatively little (8 and 13 oz.) and the other follicles present were minute. The whale was smaller than the smallest certainly mature female Fin whale, and it was captured at the end of March. Whale No. 76 appeared to have just reached maturity, for it measured 20-2 m. (the mean size at which maturity is reached is 20-0 m. in female Fin whales) and although a vaginal band was present a body was found in the ovaries which appeared to be an old corpus luteum. In this whale, which is referred to again on a later page, either an ovulation had taken place or an ovum had ripened and become atretic. The second possibility is the more likely as no path could be traced from the capsule to the exterior of the corpus luteum. The vaginal band appears not to have been previously described, and it is difficult at present to put forward any explanation of its occurrence. It has been found in too large a percentage of Fin whales to be dismissed as an abnormality, yet no correlation has been noticed with the measurements or other features of these whales to distinguish them from whales in which the band is absent. THE OVARIES The ovaries are, from our point of view, the most important of the reproductive organs, for they are an unfailing index of the sexual condition, and to some extent of the sexual history of the whale. They are elongated bodies measuring usually between 20 and 40 cm., and difl^er from the ovaries of most other mammals in their highly convoluted condition and the prominence of the frequently numerous corpora lutea and follicles, which give the surface a very irregular appearance. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 383 (a) Growth of the Ovaries In discussing the physiology of the ovaries it will be convenient to start with an account of their growth in the foetus and the young whale. In Blue and Fin whale foetuses measuring about i m. they are small elongated bodies whose flattened surfaces are marked by a number of furrows (Fig. 118). The whole genital tract of the young foetus at this stage is engorged with blood so that the ovaries are of a deep red colour. In larger foetuses the furrows are more pronounced and more numerous (Plate XXXIX, figs. 3 and 4). After the calf is born the majority of the furrows are smoothed out by the growth of the ovaries, but some remain to mark the convolutions of the adult ovary which are referred to above, and some of the minor furrows occasionally persist to give the surface of the ovaries a curious appearance which has been described in notes on the internal genitalia as "bramble-marking." This is illustrated in Fig 119 and Plate XXXIX, fig. 4. Fig. 118. Ovary of foetus measuring 1-13 m. (Natural size.) Fig. 119. Small portion of ovary of immature w^hale, showing "bramble markings." x 1-5. Although the ovaries do not grow very much from birth to sexual maturity, consider- able changes take place. From rather rounded, soft structures they become pale, flat, compact organs (Plate XL, fig. i). They remain, however, small up to this stage, for in Fin whales measuring less than 18 m. and in Blue whales under 20 m. the two ovaries together weigh less than i lb. The ovaries of immature Fin whales practically never weigh more than 2 lb., nor those of Blue whales more than 3 lb. After sexual maturity is reached the weight of the ovaries, as shown in Figs. 120 and 121 , appears to increase up to a point with the increasing length of the whale. Although the ovaries of large whales are as a rule bigger than those of smaller whales, the increases illustrated in these graphs are in reality due more to the presence of a larger number of old corpora lutea than to an increase in the actual size of the ovary. When a corpus luteum of pregnancy is present the weight of the ovary may be nearly doubled, so that in connection with the growth of the ovary, only those of non-pregnant females can be taken into consideration. DISCOVERY REPORTS 19 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 120. Blue whales. Weight of ovaries in whales of different lengths. # Immature whales. o Mature whales (riot pregnant). LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 121. Fin whales. Weight of ovaries in whales of different lengths. • Immature whales. o Mature whales (not pregnant). THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 385 The positions of the plotted points in Figs. 120 and 121 suggest that at least in the case of Fin whales there is a general increase in the weight of the ovary from 20 m. (at about which length sexual maturity is reached) up to 22 m., that a maximum is reached here, and that there is subsequently some regression. This apparent regression may be a coincidence or it may be an indication of actually different conditions in the very large whales. The two whales of 23-6 and 24-15 m., plotted in Fig. 121, had thirteen and twenty corpora lutea respectively, and the fact that in spite of this their ovaries weighed so little, supports the suggestion that the ovaries do become lighter in the largest whales. (b) Grozvt/i of the Ova It will be convenient next to trace the growth of the ovum and development of the Graafian follicles. Sections of the ovary in young foetuses show large numbers of deeply-staining nuclei towards the surface. In a 276 m. foetus the germinal nuclei e-!^— -■■-g-"- Fig. 122. Section through ovary of a 2-76 m. foetus of a Fin whale. o.«., germinal nuclei ; p., Pfluger's tubes. Fig. 123. Early Graafian follicles in 6-05 m. foetus of a Fin whale. were collected in cavities (Pfluger's tubes), the intervening tissue being connective tissue and large blood spaces (Fig. 122). In a 6-05 m. foetus definite Graafian follicles are present some distance in from the surface (Fig. 123), while near the surface the conditions remain as they were in the smaller foetuses. In the follicles shown in the figure, the ovum is seen as a large cell round which several nuclei (often showing signs of division) are grouped. 17 386 DISCOVERY REPORTS In small immature whales the follicles are less than i mm. in diameter, and it is necessary to section the ovaries before they can be seen. In larger whales they become evident as dark round blurrs beneath the surface; and when ripening they project from the surface as thin-walled vesicles 30-50 mm. in diameter (Plate XL, fig. 2). The ovum can be obtained from a large follicle by examination of the squeezed-out follicular liquor. It is usually surrounded by follicular nuclei and can just be picked out against a dark background without magnification. An ovum from one of the largest follicles (of a Fin whale) was 0-0165 mm. (0-00065 i'^-) ^^ diameter. The follicle was about 40 mm. in diameter and probably was not fully ripe. Among Blue whales follicles measuring as much as 10 cm. in diameter have been found. In one of this size no ovum could be found, but the cloudiness and bad smell of the liquor folliculi suggested that this large size might be a pathological condition. In ripening ovaries there are many follicles visible, but usually there is only one of large size. This implies that one ovum is shed at a time, and further that if fertilization does not take place, another follicle ripens and is shed, or in other words that the whale is polyoestrous. If more than one ovum were shed at one ovulation, records of two or more foetuses should be more frequent than they are. Only two instances of twins were recorded among the whales examined, and it is possible that these were identical twins, i.e. two foetuses from the same ovum, or from two ova from the same follicle. In one case there was only one corpus luteum of pregnancy, and the six old corpora lutea which were also present were shrunken, hard and small and did not appear to have been concerned in the twin pregnancy. In the other case the internal organs were too decom- posed for examination. There are, however, the following records, among the statistics from South Georgia stations, which seem to show that occasionally several ova are shed at once, viz. seven foetuses in one Blue whale, six in one Fin whale and three in a Sei whale (see Norsk Hvalfangst Tideiide, Sept. 1925, p. 99). Unfortunately, of course, no notes were taken of the condition of the ovaries of these whales, but it seems hardly likely that six or seven twins could develop other than from the discharge of several ova. Enlarged follicles are found in a few ovaries during most of the year. Enlargement is sometimes general, both ovaries containing bulging follicles which give a decided impression of coming ripeness. Sometimes one or two follicles of about 20 mm. diameter are visible, while the remainder are very small and hidden beneath the ovarian epithelium. In Fig. 124 the diameters of the largest follicles in Fin whale ovaries throughout the year are shown, all records for the seasons 1925, 1926 and 1927 are included. Although the numbers of ovaries examined in diff'erent months vary considerably, it will be seen that the "resting" ovaries, in which only small follicles are present, are commonest in the early months of the year, i.e. the latter part of the southern summer. The ver^' few mature whales taken at Saldanha Bay had large follicles, and three whales which, though exceeding 19-0 m. in length, were still immature (female Fin whales become THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 387 adult at about 20-0 m.) also had large follicles. This predominance of ripening follicles during the southern winter argues in itself a period of sexual activity, and the increase in size of the follicles of the three whales exceeding 19-0 m. suggests the approach of sexual maturity. JAN Fig. 124. Fin whales. Size of the largest ovarian follicles during the year. • Mature females neither pregnant nor lactating. o Immature females longer than 19-0 m. (c) The Corpus Luteiim of Pregnancy It is from the condition of the corpora lutea that the most important conclusions can be drawn as to the sexual condition and history of the whale. It will be convenient to start with an account of the corpus luteum of pregnancy. When an ovum is shed the follicle from which it was liberated becomes a corpus luteum by inward growth and hypertrophy of the follicular epithelium, carrying with it blood-vessels from the surrounding tissue (see Marshall, 1922, who discusses in detail the physiology of the ovaries and gives references to original work on the subject). If fertihzation occurs, the corpus luteum persists to all intents and purposes in its original condition throughout the period of gestation, but if pregnancy does not super- vene it persists for a comparatively short time and then begins to undergo involution. In whales of all the species examined the corpus luteum of pregnancy is a very large and conspicuous body (Plate XL, figs. 3 and 4) with a scar marking the point of rupture of the follicle. The scar, which is sometimes of considerable size, consists of a dimple about 5 mm. in diameter surrounded by a raised area which may be called the " corona " and which may measure as much as 6-o cm. in diameter. Internally the corpus luteum 17-2 388 DISCOVERY REPORTS shows fine connective tissue strands radiating from the centre and dividing up the soft pale buff luteal tissue. In young luteal tissue the cells are vacuolated. This is illustrated in Fig. 125 from a section of the corpus luteum of a whale containing a 30 mm. foetus, and may be compared with the older tissue shown in Fig. 126. The mean diameter of the young corpus luteum is 10-5 cm. in Fin whales and 12-7 cm. in Blue whales. There is some indication that in both species it increases slightly in size up to the stage when the foetus measures about i m., and then gradually becomes slightly smaller. This is shown in Fig. 128 in which the sizes of the corpora lutea are plotted according to the length of the foetus. It will be seen that in general the smallest corpora lutea ■■• £>': M:.F"i' ^^'i'>' y -:. "vaE.- ■fe- t ''' # .^V©>!-». ^ ^-. . 'l i ' '.-;■. :-, K;' Ai - -■©--./'^■■ft y'^-'-Z:'- , « ^mp . • «i ■>-■■. y , ^.>.. .,*'■; I I ® .Jp'-'' Fig. 125. Young luteal tissue from ovary of Blue Fig. 126. Older luteal tissue from ovary whale with 30 mm. foetus, v., vacuolated cells. of Blue whale with 6-3 m. foetus. of this kind were those with which no foetus was found and which were therefore either corpora lutea of ovulation or corpora lutea of pregnancy which accompanied foetuses so minute that they were missed. It appears that the regression in size of the corpus luteum is accompanied by the disappearance of the vacuoles in the luteal cells. The luteal tissue now stains intensely with Nile Blue, indicating the presence of plenty of fat. It is difficult to say whether the size of the corpus luteum continues to decrease up to the end of gestation owing to the small number of large foetuses which have been recorded, but in Fin whales there seems to be a slight decrease. It may be mentioned here that there are invariably many enlarged follicles in the ovaries of pregnant whales, and these range in magnitude from 40 mm. to 50 mm. in diameter to 10 mm. and less. During lactation one or two large follicles are found but the smaller ones are no longer visible. It is known that a functional corpus luteum inhibits the growth of ova and the incidence of ovulation, so that the follicles seen THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 389 in pregnant ovaries are those that would later have discharged their ova had not fertilization occurred. During lactation the larger follicles, having apparently attained a size that is beyond retrogression, remain large but lose the turgidity they had before and during pregnancy, while the smaller follicles retrogress to become again hidden beneath the surface of the ovary. {d) The Corpus Liiteum of Ovulation In certain whales no foetus was found in the uterus yet a corpus luteum similar to the corpus luteum of pregnancy was present in the ovaries. Assuming that no foetus was missed in these cases, it may be said that these were corpora lutea of ovulation, i.e. representing an ovum which had been shed quite recently. There are, in such circumstances, two occasions on which a foetus may be missed. It may be lost at sea through premature birth when the whale is killed, or it may be so minute that it cannot be found. The former could hardly occur except when the foetus is fully large enough to leave unmistakable evidence of its presence in the uterus. There have in fact been two clear cases in which it has occurred, for in No. 373 (Fin) and No. 1602 (Sei), although no foetus was present, some of the membranes were still in the uterus, and even had these been lost the swelling and congestion of one cornu of the uterus could not have been missed. With regard to the second possibility it may be said that the smallest foetus can hardly be missed if searched for in the proper manner. When a functional corpus luteum is present in the ovaries the uterus is at once spread out and slit open from end to end. The foetal membranes of even a 2 mm. embryo form an object about the size of a thrush's egg and can readily be seen. It may be said then that those functional corpora lutea which were not found to be accompanied by a foetus, were corpora lutea of ovulation or were accompanied by a foetus not exceedmg I or 2 mm. in length. It is in any case certain that in all the whales in question ovulation had occurred relatively very recently. Of these whales there were nine Blue and four Fin whales. None had any sign of a foetus and the copora lutea were on the average smaller than the corpus luteum of pregnancy except in No. 250 (Blue) in which the corpus luteum had a mean diameter of 147 cm. This contained an enormous cavity and was obviously a very young structure. Corpora lutea of ovulation in Fin whales occurred at South Georgia once in February among lifty-two mature females, and at Saldanha Bay once in June (the only adult female), once in July (also the only adult female) and once in September (among three mature females). Very small embryos were found twice at South Georgia in January (one in 1926 and one in 1927) and once at Saldanha Bay in the only mature female taken in August. Now only 8 per cent of the female Fin whales taken at Saldanha Bay were adult, whereas at South Georgia over 60 per cent were adult. Thus the ratio of ovulating females to other mature females is overwhelmingly greater at Saldanha Bay than at South Georgia. That is to say, a far greater percentage of Fin whales are ovulating during the southern winter than during the southern summer. Among Blue whales again at South Georgia one corpus luteum of ovulation was 39° DISCOVERY REPORTS recorded in February among twenty mature whales taken in this month, two in March among thirty-six mature whales, one in May from among four adults, and one in October among seven adults. At Saldanha Bay there were three such corpora lutea in June among six mature females, and one in July among five adults. Early foetuses were found in July and August. Thus in the case of Blue whales also ovulation takes place to the greatest extent during the southern winter. It is not known for certain whether ovulation takes place spontaneously, but there is evidence besides that furnished by the corpora lutea of ovulation to show that the ovum is shed at oestrus whether coition occurs or not. The corpora lutea simply show that fertilization of the ovum probably does not always occur, but this does not neces- sarily mean that copulation had not taken place. In a Fin whale (No. 76) of 20-2 m., the "vaginal band" was found intact, showing that coition almost certainly had not taken place. A small body like an old corpus luteum was however found in one of the ovaries which otherwise appeared to be immature. Luteal tissue was present in this structure surrounding a tough capsule with viscid contents. It is to be supposed that the follicle had matured early (the whale was captured at South Georgia in March) and formed a corpus luteum of ovulation following spontaneous rupture. The condition of the corpus luteum appears to have been abnormal, and it is not entirely certain that an ovum was actually shed, but the formation of luteal tissue shows that the follicle had at least attained a size ripe for shedding. (e) The Corpus Luteum subsequent to Parturition It is reasonably certain that ovulation does not normally take place after pregnancy until the end of lactation. Among all the whales examined no lactating whale was pregnant or showed any indication of ovulation. There have been reports of lactating whales which were pregnant (see Hinton, pp. 97 and 98), and one may suppose that though ovulation and fertilization may possibly occur during lactation, such an occurrence is extremely rare. In the ovaries of whales captured during lactation there are normally several old corpora lutea, one of which is still conspicuously bigger than the others (Plate XLI, fig. i). This is the former corpus luteum of pregnancy persisting after the birth of the foetus. It is much smaller and tougher than it was during gestation and the change appears to have taken place comparatively abruptly. In Fin whales the size varies from 4 cm. to 8 cm. diameter, with an average of 5-3 cm. In Blue whales the average is 7-0 cm. diameter. The changes in size and consistency are due to shrinkage of the luteal cells and growth of the connective tissue which take place rapidly after parturition. Sections of these corpora lutea stain faintly and generally with Nile Blue. It remains now to consider the old corpora lutea which are often present in con- siderable numbers in the ovaries, and in various stages of degeneration (Plate XLI, figs. 2 and 3). More than one functional corpus luteum (i.e. corpus luteum of ovulation or of pregnancy) has never been known to occur at one time in the ovaries, but over thirty old corpora lutea have sometimes been counted in the two ovaries together. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 39i The Structure of these corpora hitea is similar to that which the corpus hiteum of pregnancy assumes after parturition and the beginning of lactation, but they are smaller and still more compact and tough. Sometimes little more is seen than a scar at the apex of a hard and inconspicuous knob on the surface of the ovary. This, when cut open, shows radial white connective tissue strands with a small amount of whitish yellow tissue between them. Careful slicing of the ovaries reveals no traces of older corpora lutea which are not to be distinguished on the surface. The staining with Nile Blue is again faint and general. It will be seen that two quite different types of corpus luteum are to be found in the ovaries of these whales. In the first place there is the functional corpus luteum of ovulation or pregnancy which is a large and conspicuous structure composed mainly of soft luteal cells. One cannot say how long the corpus luteum of ovulation (i.e. where pregnancy does not supervene) remains unchanged, though this is presumably for a comparatively short period. The corpus luteum of pregnancy persists as such only until the end of gestation. In the second place there is the old functionless corpus luteum formed by a kind of metamorphosis of the functional corpus luteum of ovulation or pregnancy. This body remains essentially the same during its earlier stages in the period of lactation and in its later stages of gradual absorption. The two types may for purposes of convenience be referred to as corpus luteum a and corpus luteum b. There are several reasons for inferring that the retrogression of the corpus luteum after gestation and lactation is extremely slow, so much so in fact that it is probably never completely absorbed. The co-existence of a corpus luteum of pregnancy with several of these corpora lutea b, some at least of which must have persisted since a previous breeding season, is in itself evidence that this is the case. It is at least quite certain that the corpus luteum persists for more than a year since, although there is an annual breeding season among whales which falls only in a certain season, no mature female is ever found, except those which have evidently only just become mature, which has not several corpora lutea b in the ovaries no matter at what time of year it is captured. A slight indication of the rate of absorption of the corpus luteum b is shown in Figs. 127 and 128 in which are plotted the mean diameters of the largest (and therefore presumably the most recent) corpus luteum b in either of the ovaries where a corpus luteum of pregnancy was present. The plotted points show in general in the case of Fin whales a gradual reduction in size of the corpus luteum b during gestation, but there are insufficient data referring to the latter part of the period of gestation to allow of any quantitative estimation of the average rate of regression. The data in the case of Blue whales are insufficient to show any very definite results. In any pair of ovaries containing fairly numerous corpora lutea b, it is found that the smaller corpora lutea are more numerous than the larger, and since the size is a rough indication of the age, it follows that the older the corpus luteum the slower becomes its rate of decrease in size. Fig. 128 suggests that in the case of Fin whales the youngest corpus luteum b shrinks from about 5 cm. diameter to 3 or 4 cm. dunng a period of about 10 months (i.e. the period of gestation). Thus one might say on a 392 DISCOVERY REPORTS 1 r 1 'J .3 t LENGTH OF FOETUS PRESENT IN THE UTERUS IN METRES Fig. 127. Blue whales. Mean diameter of corpora lutea in ovaries of pregnant females, and length of foetus. O Corpus luteum of ovulation. ® Corpus luteum of pregnancy. • Former corpus luteum of pregnancy persisting during lactation. . Largest old corpus luteum co-existent in the ovaries with a corpus luteum of ovulation or pregnancy. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 393 19- 18- 17- 16- 15- U- 13- rj- ® 11- ® 111- o Hi Z7- o ° 1- ® O ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® , ® *- -® ® ® ® ® ® ®® ® ® ®. ® ® ® ®® % ® ® -r- -r 1 2 -i 1 LENGTH OF FOETUS PRESENT IN THE UTERUS IN METRES Fig. 128. Fin whales. Mean diameter of corpora lutea in ovaries of pregnant females, and length of foetus. (For meaning of symbols see Fig. 127.) 394 DISCOVERY REPORTS rough estimation that in its first year the diameter of the corpus luteum b probably becomes reduced by about 40 per cent, and since this is the period during which reduction is most rapid it is to be supposed that many years must pass before it could completely vanish if indeed the last traces of it ever do disappear. It seems that this much may be inferred, even though a quantitative estimation of the average rate of regression is inadmissible. Further evidence of the longevity of the corpora lutea b may be obtained by com- paring their numbers in the ovaries with the lengths of the whales from which they were taken. This comparison is shown in Figs. 129 and 130. It will be seen that there is a great diversity in the numbers of corpora lutea at any given whale length, but the important fact emerges that in general the smaller whales have fewer corpora lutea than the larger whales, the correlation being better defined in the smaller than in the larger whales. Now up to a point the length of a whale is obviously some indication of its age, and it must be supposed that the correlation existing between the number of corpora lutea and the length of the whale is in fact a correlation of some kind between the number of corpora lutea and the age of the whale. Female Fin whales become adult when they reach a length between 19-5 and 20-5 m. (see p. 417) and one would expect that they would normally continue subsequently to grow a metre or two beyond this length, some ceasing to grow at about 22-0 m. others going on to 23-0 or 24-0 m. On the supposition that the number of corpora lutea are an indication of the age of the whale this fits in well with the fact that in Fig. 130 there is a more obvious correlation in the case of whales measuring 19-5 to 21-5 m. than in the case of the larger whales, many of which will have ceased to grow and whose length is thus little indication of their age. If all the corpora lutea in the ovaries were those of the previous season (as was suggested by Barrett-Hamilton) this correlation with the length of the whale should not exist as there is no reason why large whales should ovulate without the occurrence of fertilization more times than small whales. Persistence and accumulation of the corpora lutea, however, explains the correlation at once. It has already been pointed out that although the number of corpora lutea varies to some extent with the length of the whale, there is still a great diversity in the number occurring at any particular whale length. This can be set down to one of two causes. The first of these is the difi^erences in length attained by the whales at and after sexual maturity, and has already been discussed in certain particulars. Although female Fin whales become mature mostly at about 20-0 m. and Blue whales at about 237 m. the difference actually between the smallest mature and the largest immature whale is relatively large. Then where for instance two whales diff"er slightly in length, the difl^er- ence may be due to age, the rates of growth having been equal, or it may be due to differences in the rate of growth, the ages being equal. The second cause for the variation in the numbers of corpora lutea is due to the difTerence between the number of pregnancies and the number of ovulations which may have occurred. From evidence already given it may be taken that ovulation THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 395 30- 25- 20- H S ►J15- < CA O C- «10- o u O 5- S CD O O O O O OD OO O O O O O O OO CD O OO o o o o OOO O OGO OO ooo o 00 O O) ooooooo O OO O 00 OOO 1 1 1 1— 24 25 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES 26 —I — 27 — I— 28 Fig. 129. Blue whales. Length of female and number of corpora lutea in the ovaries. 35- 30- 25- 20- H ►J15- < PS o KlO- o u O BS 5' u DQ s. D Z o o O OCBD O 00 O O T 20 21 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES 00 00 o o o o oc ooo 000 00 O 00 O Geo O CO 00 000 o 00 O do O O CD O 00000000 o 00 o o 00 o o o — r 00 o -r -r -r — r- 22 -r- 23 — r- 24 Fig. 130. Fin whales. Length of female and number of corpora lutea in the ovaries. 396 DISCOVERY REPORTS can take place without fertilization, and that many follicles are ready for subsequent ovulation should fertilization not occur. Now if fertilization occurs at the first ovulation every season the number of corpora lutea represents the number of pregnancies which have taken place and the number of years since sexual maturity was reached (except possibly in the case of the oldest whales in which the oldest corpora lutea might have finally vanished). With ovulation, however, taking place spontaneously and no method of distinguishing the corpora lutea formed from those of pregnancy it is evident that there will be great differences in the numbers of corpora lutea present among whales of similar length, diff'erences depending on the number of dioestrous cycles which may have taken place each season before pregnancy supervened. Finally, a few words may be said in recapitulation of the more important facts which emerge from the study of the ovaries. There are two specially characteristic features of the ovaries of the Balaenopteridae. These are the abundance of ripening follicles which are so often present and the curious longevity of the old corpora lutea. The number of follicles implies a capacity for producing numerous ova in quick succes- sion, and this favours the supposition that these whales are polyoestrous. The suggestion is further supported by other evidence. There are several cases for instance in which over thirty old corpora lutea have been counted in a single pair of ovaries, and if whales are monoestrous it follows that some of these have persisted for not less than thirty years. It seems much more reasonable to suppose that the large number is the result of several unsuccessful ovulations in a comparatively few seasons. Again, it will be shown later that the breeding season is a protracted period covering several months. This in itself suggests that a succession of dioestrous cycles may occur and that in some cases conception occurs after the first ovulation and in other cases not until several ovulations have occurred and the season is well advanced. The longevity of the corpora lutea provides a useful indication of the history of the whale in which they occur. The weak point here, however, lies in the fact that the number of corpora lutea depends partly on the number of years which have elapsed since sexual maturity and partly on the number of ovulations which have occurred in each sexual season, and there is no means of knowing how much each factor has contributed to the number of corpora lutea which are found. However, one would not suppose that more than a very few ovulations would occur before pregnancy super- vened among animals living in a state of nature, even though it is likely that ovulation may occasionally take place at times of year outside the season at which breeding activities become general. It follows from this that a whale having twenty or thirty corpora lutea b in the ovaries can hardly have been adult for less than five or six years, and has more probably been adult for say twelve or fifteen years. On the other hand, a whale having only three or four corpora lutea will probably be not more than two or three years old. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 397 THE UTERUS The Uterus consists of a relatively short corpus and two long cornua which are generally to be found close to the ventral wall of the abdominal cavity. There is no particular feature of its gross anatomy which needs any special consideration but an account of its growth in the young whales and the alterations in size which it undergoes at different stages may be given. The routine observations which have been made on the uterus consist in the measurement of the width of one cornu -I r 18 19 20 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 131. Blue whales. Size of uterus in whales of different classes and different sizes. . Immature. • Resting, o Recently ovulated. ® With very small foetus. x Lactating. as it lies in the collapsed condition on the flensing platform, and records of any con- gestion observed when it has been slit open. Histological examination has also been undertaken in many cases. During the period between birth and sexual maturity the uterus undergoes no important change other than a gradual increase in size to keep pace with the growth of the body. The sizes of the uterus in immature whales of various lengths is shown in Figs. 131 and 132 and it is seen that it does not much exceed 8 cm. in Blue whales measuring less than 22-0 m., or 7 cm. in Fin whales measuring less than 19-0 m. 398 DISCOVERY REPORTS Maturity is reached in Blue females at about 237 m. and in Fin females at about 20-0 m. and it will be noticed that just before these lengths are reached the still immature uterus undergoes an acceleration in its growth, and by the time maturity is reached it has become conspicuously bigger, measuring not less than 13 cm. in Blue whales, or (with one exception) less than 11 cm. in Fin whales. Fluctuations of course take place subsequently in the size of the uterus, but once the functional enlargement has taken place it never returns to its original size. 30 • • • • O • o • • • • • •• • " • *• • K • X • • • K •• •• • X M • • « • M • • • M • • ••• • ~X T 1 1 1 r- 1;) It) 17 •JO LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 132. Fin whales. Size of uterus in whales of diflferent classes and different sizes. • Immature. • Resting, o Recently ovulated. © With very small foetus. x Lactating. In " resting" whales (i.e. those mature females which are neither ovulating, pregnant nor lactating) the average size of the uterus is about 17 cm., but, as will be seen in Figs. 131 and 132, it may range from less than 10 cm. to over 25 cm. A new increase in size, however, takes place at ovulation for it will be seen that the size of the uterus is clearly above the average in those whales in which a corpus luteum of ovulation or an early foetus not yet big enough to necessitate an increased size, has been found. In pregnancy the uterus grows to an enormous size, for the foetus reaches a length of 6 or 7 m. before it is born, but after parturition involution takes place with surprising rapidity. In almost all the lactating whales examined involution has been complete. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 399 In a few cases the size of the uterus has been still above the average for resting females, but in the majority of cases it has been as low as, if not lower than, the average. This may be seen in Figs. 131 and 132. In the latter figure attention may be drawn to two Fin whales having remarkably large uteri in which involution was evidently not com- plete. In only one case (not included in the above figures) did the uterus appear to have actually been in an early stage of involution. This was in a Blue whale, No. 770, caught at Saldanha Bay on June 21. One cornu of the uterus measured 48 cm. and was thin walled. The other measured only 21 cm. The congestion of the large cornu was evident before it was opened, and the corpus of the uterus, which measured 30-0 cm., was also congested. This whale had evidently given birth to a calf quite recently, and it is interesting to note that though involution of the uterus had hardly begun, the corpus luteum had completely changed from the a to the b type. Although only this one whale has been met with in which the uterus had not recovered from pregnancy, it must be remembered, in discussing the rate of involution, that the majority of lactating whales killed are those accompanied by large rather than small calves. This is partly because the waters which come within the sphere of the whaling operations appear to be frequented less by the whales which have recently given birth than by those accompanied by large calves, and partly because the whaling regulation in force in the Falkland Island Dependencies, against the killing of mothers with calves, is probably applied more to the small calves than to the large ones which may be very difficult to recognize as such at sea. Since it conveys some idea as to whether parturition has occurred recently or not, the involution of the uterus is the most important point for observation so far as this organ is concerned. The changes in the size of the uterus are mainly caused by alterations in the blood content of the uterine mucous membrane, and accompanying them are changes in the mucous exudation from the vagina. For the histological study of the uterine mucosa small pieces of the uterus were occasionally taken from the cornu about half-way between the uterine end of the Fallopian tube and the junction of the cornua. They were fixed in Bouin or formol- saline, and after sectioning were stained in haematoxylin and eosin. The mucous membrane of the uterus is typical, but the ciliated epithelium is rarely intact over the surface. Even in immature whales (Plate XLII, fig. i) it is usually lost except in the openings of the glands. In sections of the mucosa no very striking diff"erence is apparent between immature and mature " resting" whales, though the latter may or may not show some congestion. In two Fin whales, Nos. iii and 193, for instance, there was a considerable amount of blood in the capillaries, and in some other whales taken in the same months as these (March and April) some congestion at the edge of the mucosa was found. During early pregnancy blood is present in large quantities throughout the mucosa and is especially evident at its edge (Plate XLII, fig. 3). Extravasation of blood takes place, but it is possible that the extra blood supply is kept up until after parturition, ^oo DISCOVERY REPORTS since during early lactation more blood appears to break away (Plate XLII, fig. 4). The material collected did not cover the later stages of gestation. Sections were cut of the uteri of six pregnant whales, and the foetuses present were all in comparatively young stages, viz. Blue whales 0-55, 0-91 and 1-52 m.; Fin whales o-8i, 1-09 and 1-63 m. Later in lactation the uterus returns to the resting stage shown in Plate XLII, fig. 5. Fig. 137 shows the uterus of a whale (Fin, No. 877, 13. vii. 26) in which ovulation had taken place, i.e. there was a corpus luteum o in the ovary but no sign of a foetus in the uterus. The capillaries at the edge of the mucous membrane appeared to be dilated they were more evident in this section than in any of the others — but they contained no blood corpuscles, while vessels in the deep mucosa were full of blood. The chanee in size of the uterus at ovulation is due to the increasing supply of blood and the congestion of the uterine tissue. If ovulation passes without fertilization the uterus tends to return to the normal. If, however, pregnancy supervenes the congestion remains, at least for a time. At parturition also it is congested and presumably it has remained so throughout gestation. During lactation the uterus returns again to normal, both in size and in condition of the mucosa. A number of smears of vaginal mucus from different whales were collected and stained in an endeavour to trace the course of the generative processes. This method was used with some success by Long and Evans (1922) in their work on the oestrous cycle in the rat. Care was taken that no apparent injury had been done to the internal organs in the whales from which the smears were taken, for blood for instance may sometimes be present in the vagina as a result of injury by the harpoon. The whales examined were as follows: four immature (Nos. 191, 203, 187 and 192), five mature "resting" (Nos. 184, 185, 208, 260 and 264), one recently ovulated (No. 250), two pregnant (No. 253, foetus 1-52 m., and ^^ ^ No. 186, foetus 2-65 m.), and two lactating (No. 244, uterus 22-0 cm., and No. 271, uterus 17-0 cm.). The results were constant although in this small number of cases only the obvious differences in the cells occurring ^^ W^^^lJ^ ® in the mucus can be pointed out. In immature (Fig. 133) and resting mature whales the mucus contains small clumps of epithelial cells (portions of epithelium) and many isolated cells, some from the surface of the mucosa, others from the epithelium of the glands. In immature whales a few red blood corpuscles r.b.c. occur. The presence of epithelial cells may account in '""'• part for the absence of much of the uterine epithelium Fig. 133- Cells from vaginal mucus ^ ot immature whale, ep.c, epi- ih sections of the mucosa. thelial cells; c.gL, cells from In regard to pregnancy a smear from a whale containing glands; r.b.c, red blood cor- a foetus of 1-52 m. showed that the dominant cells were P"*'^ red blood corpuscles with a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In a whale with a larger foetus (2-65 m.) the mucus was very thick and few cells could be seen. Epithelial THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 401 cells together with blood corpuscles were, however, present. If this second case is typical it suggests that extravasation of blood may not continue throughout pregnancy. The smear from the ovulating whale differed entirely from those from the pregnant whales. There were many isolated epithelial cells present, with many other cells with smaller nuclei of doubtful origin. As one would expect from observations on sections of the uterine mucosa, no blood corpuscles could be seen. In lactating whales the epithelial cells and red blood corpuscles were few. In No. 271 , which had a uterus of 17-0 cm., more epithelial cells were present than in No. 244. In these whales apparently the extravasation of blood had almost ceased. THE MAMMARY GLANDS The mammary slits are situated on either side of the genital groove, and lie parallel to it. The teats are normally completely withdrawn and invisible, but in lactating whales drawn on to the flensing platform they are more or less everted, though not always Fig. 134. Diagram of ventral view of whale to show position of mammary glands, m.g., outline of mam- mary glands; r.a., reproductive aperture; t., teat in mammary groove; a., anus; «., umbilicus; v.g., endings of ventral grooves. completely. Sometimes when plenty of milk is present the pressure of the carcass on the edge of the platform causes it to spout from the teat in such a way that a sample can be collected sufficiently pure for chemical analysis. An account of the composition of whale's milk appears in Appendix I. A good description of the mammary glands of the Humpback is given by Lillie (1915, p. loi). This however deals mainly with the gross anatomy of the gland and the process of suckling, while we are concerned more with the changes which take place in the gland in the different phases of the sexual cycle. In Blue and Fin whales the mammary glands lie between the blubber and flesh and are situated almost entirely anterior to the teats. They are of an elongated pear-shape, the apex of the pear being anterior to and remote from the teats (Fig. 134). The length of the gland is about 2 m. and its depth varies according as to whether the whale is sexually mature or immature and whether milk is being secreted or not. In an immature whale the gland is usually not more than 2 cm. deep at the widest part. In a mature whale it is usually 5 to 6 cm. deep, and in a lactating whale 15 to 30 cm. deep. When 19 402 DISCOVERY REPORTS the gland is in full activity the swelling is usually distinguishable externally (Plate XXX, fig. i), and is very evident after the blubber has been removed from it (Plate XXXV, fig. 3). When milk is not being secreted the outline may be almost indistinguishable even after flensing. Several large ducts run longitudinally through the gland. These are fed by numerous smaller ducts and become enlarged posteriorly to form sinuses or reservoirs for the milk. They join finally in one large sinus which communicates with the teat. If the gland of a sexually rriature whale which is not lactating is cut across, it is seen to consist of numerous lobes subdivided into small pinkish lobules, with ducts of all sizes and blood-vessels. There may be some variation in the amount of blood which is present. These pink lobules are not seen in immature whales, but the connective tissue in which they subsequently develop can be distinguished quite easily. When examined histologically the gland in whales does not appear to differ in any essential from that of other mammals. The greater size of the gland appears to be allowed for by increased numbers of the alveoli in a lobule, and multiple subdivision of the lobes of the gland, rather than by any different structure. It will be convenient to describe first the immature gland. This shows the same structure both in the foetus and in large though still sexually immature whales. When examined histologically it is found to consist mainly of connective tissue in which a few ducts and blood-vessels are seen, of which the former are surrounded by clusters of cells forming imperfect alveoli grouped together in small lobules (Fig. 135). In some cases (such as adult whales which have not yet been pregnant) the distinction between the immature and mature condition is not very sharp, but as a rule there is no difficulty in recognizing the immature type. Among sexually mature whales the gland may be found in no less than four different conditions. These are as follows: 1. Lactating, in which milk is being actively secreted. 2. Intermediate, in which the lobules of the gland are better developed than in the resting condition, but less than in the lactating condition. This condition appears to occur immediately before lactation and again in the apparently prolonged involution of the gland afterwards. 3. Resting, in which complete involution appears to have taken place. 4. Virgin, which occurs in a few young adults which have probably never been pregnant. In the lactating gland (Fig. 136) the lobules are greatly swollen, and the space between them which is occupied by connective tissue is considerably restricted. The alveoli are distended and their outline is rounded and relatively distinct. Droplets of secretion are clearly seen in the lumen of the alveolar cells which are noticeably swollen and have small, densely staining nuclei. The lumen of the alveoli is filled with larger droplets, the size of which, however, may vary. This variation might possibly depend on the freshness of the whale when the tissue was fixed, or it might be correlated with the rate at which the secretion is being drawn off, or with variations in the constitution THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 403 of the milk. Sometimes the outHnes of these droplets is in the form of a complete circle ; at other times (possibly when the gland has been emptied by suckling) the outlines are broken up or fragmentary. Where an osmic acid fixative is used the droplets are densely blackened, no doubt owing to the very high percentage of fat which is present in whale's milk. In such cases the droplets within the lumen of the cells are similarly blackened. The depth of the mammary gland during the secretion of milk varies in Blue and Fin whales between about 15 and 30 cm. "'i '*■. >'i; ';v.K i -^ .,. •■■:- ■ .'.--:r-,. ■ ■ .•■; " -%.v ' ■.■'■■:■:•..•: : ;= -■^^'■.■'■^-j Fig. 135. Section of the immature mammary gland. Fig. 136. Section of mammary gland in functional activity. The intermediate stage occurs in certain sexually mature whales in which the mammary glands are not functionally enlarged. It has been seen that during lactation the lobules become greatly swollen and compress the intervening connective tissue into the smallest possible space. In the intermediate stage the lobules appear either to have started swelling in preparation for lactation, or, more often, are in the process of contracting after the end of lactation. This, condition is never found in pregnant whales except at the very end of gestation, but it is curious that it occurs more often in "resting" whales than the normal resting condition which is almost always present in pregnant whales. The lobules are still large (Fig. 137), and, though noticeably smaller than in lactating whales, they are considerably better developed than in the resting stage. The connective tissue space is still restricted, but the alveoli are shrivelled and smaller than in the lactating gland, their outline is less easily traced, and their lumen, at least in haematoxylin-eosin preparations, is not easy to distinguish. Droplets are practically absent from the alveoli, though one or two may sometimes be visible 19-2 404 DISCOVERY REPORTS here and there. The nuclei of the cells lining the alveoli are larger than in the lactating gland, and stain less densely. The thickness of the gland during this stage rarely exceeds lo cm. The resting stage occurs in a certain number of whales which are neither pregnant nor lactating and has been found with one exception in the case of all pregnant whales in which the gland has been histologically examined in this respect. It differs from the intermediate stage principally in the size of the lobules (Fig. 138) which are definitely ••-••■- '••■■•••.'•■ •• • ••••••.•.•••. • -y^rri.Ui.--; ;?v;:!:;t:::::;^::- •.•."■••..•.■: ':-;i::.1 .•••^.■.•"■:.i-/..;^- ••'•■"•■':'■.. • •.•>--i- • ,■ .■..^•.'.'•yf,-' ' -U»- ■/"■"^.'.••■•■■•" •"."■.■•';. •. ■..•;•■-■.•■.• Fig. 137. Section of mammary gland not completely returned to the normal condition. :5C^ -.^.f:- /■■■ ■ :i:y--~ ■ ' /*^r;'/ .;V(^;; V>.: •».•■:.• /,V - . .K-; .'■-■■.?.• • v'?.^'?/ .■■•-.••• '•••? f&Mi ' ■"'■ '. '■ '■ ^:MM; ' ■ ■ W' ;;P '''-^^W- ' ''"'■'.■ -lift' Fig. 138. Section of mammarj' gland after complete involution. smaller and more numerous in a given area of section. The nuclei are usually more numerous in a given space but are similar in individual appearance. The alveoli have shrivelled to such an extent that they cannot now be distinguished. Usually the lobules are flattened or elongated in cross-section, perhaps owing to collapse of the gland as a whole. This is not an invariable rule, however, and the appearance of the lobules no doubt depends to some extent on the plane in which the section was cut. The thickness of the resting gland is usually between about 4 and 8 cm. and is only a little less than that of the intermediate gland. The fourth condition of the mammary glands, which is found in young whales which in all probability have never been pregnant, or are pregnant for the first time, differs from the state of the gland in immature whales only in a slightly better develop- ment of the lobules which are still less developed than in the resting gland. This condition has been found in several whales with only one or two corpora lutea. The thickness of the gland here is of course intermediate between that of the resting and that of the immature gland. The latter is usually about 2 cm. deep. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 405 Excluding lactating and immature whales the number of Fin whales of which the mammary glands have been sectioned is thirty-three and of Blue whales eight. The numbers of these occurring in each condition are as follows : Fin Blue "Resting" whales: Intermediate Resting Virgin Doubtful Pregnant whales: Intermediate Resting First pregnancy 7 3 3 4 I 14 I 3 I 4 Total 33 8 Taking pregnant whales first it is found that only in one case was there a mammary gland in the intermediate condition. This whale, No. 175, had a foetus measuring over 6-0 m. which was evidently about to be born, and there is no doubt that the lobules of the glands were beginning to develop in preparation for active secretion. Now, where the gland is found in this condition in whales which are not pregnant it must be supposed that, lactation having ceased, the gland is now reverting to the normal resting condition, and since the ratio of the intermediate to the resting conditions is 7 to 3 among Fin whales and 3 to i among Blue whales it can only be supposed that though the development of the gland is rapid at the end of pregnancy, its involution after the period of secretion is very slow. It seems improbable that the majority of "intermediate" non-pregnant whales had only just finished lactation, since the resting whales are caught in far greater numbers than the lactating whales — a fact which argues that the resting period is correspondingly longer than the lactating period or at least as long, even if the nursing mothers lead a more secluded life less open to the attacks of whale boats. Since the intermediate stage is never found in pregnant whales except at the approach of parturition it follows that the involution of the gland is always completed before pregnancy again takes place, but since in some young but clearly adult whales the gland is sometimes found in a state far less developed than the normal resting condition, it is to be supposed that it becomes permanently altered after the first pregnancy. THE TESTES It is well known that in Cetacea the testes remain permanently in the abdominal cavity. In the whalebone whales, as explained on p. 267, they can be found without difficulty near the abdominal wall at the posterior end of the cavity. The testis is a rounded cylindrical organ, the size of which is subject to considerable variations which are very difficult to correlate with any particular factor. However, it is worth while 4o6 DISCOVERY REPORTS to examine the matter as closely as possible. It should be explained first that for con- venience the size of the testis may be represented by a number obtained by multiplying together the length, breadth and depth measured in centimetres. This gives a rough approximation to (actually rather more than) the volume of the testis in cubic centi- metres. The size of the smallest testis of a Blue whale recorded in this way was 330 (No. 594) and of a Fin whale 300 (No. 705). The largest testes were of a Blue whale 58,000 (No. 1331) and of a Fin whale 56,000 (No. 51). As an accurate representation of the size of the testis is unnecessary a figure may be used giving the number of thousands of cubic centimetres in the approximate volume. Thus the largest Blue whale testis may be considered to measure 58, and the smallest 0-3. ^ — -^ ^ ' 2, 17 18 19 20 21 LENGTH OF WHALE IN METRES Fig. 139. Size of the testis in Blue whales of different lengths. As was to be expected, the size of the testis up to a point varies with the size of the whale, this being in part due to the fact that the former becomes much larger at the advent of sexual maturity. Fig. 139 shows the testes of 180 Blue whales plotted according to the size of the testis and the length of the whale. It will be seen that up to a length of about 23-5 m. there is a general tendency for the size of the testis to increase, but from 23-5 m. onwards it cannot be said that there is any correlation between its size and the length of the whale. The plotted points represent all the Blue whale testis measurements which have been taken (in large numbers of immature whales of course the testes were not examined) and are plotted therefore quite irrespec- tively of the time of year. It is to be supposed from Fig. 139 that during immaturity the testis increases its size ver}' slowly, but that when sexual maturity is reached (around 22-5 m.) it rapidly increases in size, and continues to increase over the period during which the whale increases its length by one or more metres. Among whales over 23-5 m. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 407 in length, the age or size of the whale evidently ceases to be the factor which dominates the size of the testis, and other factors must be sought in order to explain the great variations in its size in large whales. In the porpoise the testis is described by Meek (1918) as undergoing an enormous development in the summer (northern hemisphere), the breeding season being in July and August, and it is natural to suppose that some- thing similar might occur in the Balaenopteridae. If this were so the size of the testis might provide a valuable clue to the period and duration of the breeding season. Unfortunately, however, there is no evidence that this is the case. If the testes of all the sexually mature whales are plotted, according to the time of year and volume of the testis, there is no indication of any correspondence between the two. The great diversity in the size of the testis in different whales might be accounted for if there is considerable individual variation and at the same time a slight increase in size in answer to a stimulus associated with breeding. The most instructive observations on the testis are those made from the histological point of view. One of the most striking features of the testis is the extraordinarily small number of spermatozoa which are normally to be seen in sections, and it may be said at once that the examination of sections gives no support to the supposition that the testis might undergo any important increase in size when breeding takes place, for the largest testes appear to contain no more spermatozoa than the smaller. Sections of the immature testis (Fig. 140) show small tubules, of which the wall consists of a layer of small cells with small, strongly staining nuclei. The lumen of each tubule is completely filled by a comparatively small number of large cells with large nuclei which do not stain very strongly and of which only about half a dozen appear in transverse sections of tubules. There is often plenty of inter- stitial tissue, but the spacing of the tubules varies considerably. In immature Blue whales the tubules appear often to be rather more tightly packed and slightly larger than in Fin whales. The histological appearances of the testis in the foetus do not appear to differ in any way from those of the large immature whale. At the approach of maturity the first indication of a change is the appearance here and there of division stages in the nuclei of the large cells in the lumen of the tubules. After this the tubules become greatly enlarged and various other changes take place. The general appearance of sections of the mature testis is subject to considerable variation in any particular species, and this is only in part due to the different degrees of freshness in which the material is fixed. For good fixation of Fig. 140. Section of testis tubules of an immature Fin whale. 4o8 DISCOVERY REPORTS mammalian testis the material should be fixed within a very few minutes of death. In the case of whales, one is fortunate if the tissue has been dead less than three or four hours. However, surprisingly good fixation can sometimes be achieved and, the nuclei being very large, even some cytological observations can be made. The mature testis can of course be distinguished at a glance from the immature. The tubules are much larger and may be filled with nuclei in various degrees of abundance. In some cases the lumen is packed with a dense mass of cells, and in others the latter may be loosely scattered, or clustered only round the rim of the tubule, leaving an empty space in the middle. In extreme cases the tubule appears to be practically empty. It is difficult to say whether these spaces are in part due to bad preservation, but in the testis of No. 114 (Fin), in which the fixation was probably better than in any other, the tubules showed large spaces (Fig. 141). Fig. 141. Section of normal testis of an adult Fin whale. Germ cells may be seen in various stages of development, but it is difficult to follow out much of the process of spermatogenesis. Figs. 142 and 143 illustrate some of the stages most commonly seen. (Both are from the same specimen as Fig. 141.) Among all the testes, of which sections have been cut, the conditions are found to vary at different times of year. In the majority of cases spermatozoa are present in very small numbers. They appear to be produced all the year round, but only in very small quantities, except at one particular season. Sections have been prepared from whales killed in every month except June, and it is found that in April and May, and in the case of one whale in July, the testis assumes a different histological appearance from that of whales killed in other months. The difference is noticeable partly in the relative abundance of spermatozoa throughout the tubules, but mostly in the enormous quantity of nuclei which appear in the tubules. In other months the tubules show THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 409 considerable empty spaces or may be loosely filled with cells. In some cases large quantities of cells may be present, but the densely packed tubules which are found in the testis in May for example are practically never seen. In April and May sperma- tozoa are also present in much increased quantities, and the appearance of the sections ■ — h Fig. 142. Germ cells in normal testis. a., spermatogonia; 6., spermatocytes; c, spermatids. d Fig. 143. Germ cells in normal testis. a., spermatogonia; h., spermatocytes; f., spermatids; d., spermatozoa. Fig. 144. Section of active testis of Fin whale during the male sexual season. indicates unmistakably an active proliferation of germ cells, and a speeding-up in the production of spermatozoa. In Figs. 144 and 141 this active condition of the testis can be compared with the relatively passive condition. It happens rather often in a testis in the latter condition that the section of a tubule shows numerous spermatozoa which may be as abundant as in the active testis, but the distinction lies in the fact that ^jo DISCOVERY REPORTS the numerous spermatozoa are to be seen only in one tubule out of half a dozen or more, whereas in the active testis they are uniformly distributed as a result of active proliferation throughout the tubules. Since this indication of a male sexual season is of considerable importance in its relation to the problem of the breeding season of whales, it will be worth while to make a systematic examination of the data. The following is an account of the testes of whales taken in different months, which have been examined histologically. (rt) Blue Whales Jamiory. Two specimens. Both with tubules lightly filled with cells, but with rather few spermatozoa. February. Four specimens. In three of these the tubules were mostly still in a practically immature condition. In the fourth there were few spermatozoa and there were empty spaces in some of the tubules. March. One specimen. Empty spaces in the tubules and few spermatozoa. April. Six specimens. In two of these the spermatozoa were not many and in one there were empty spaces in the tubules. In the other four the tubules were packed with nuclei and spermatozoa were numerous— not appearing in small groups here and there in an odd section of a tubule, but everywhere. The appearance of the sections suggested a general and uniform proliferation of germ cells, and a production of spermatozoa all along the tubules. May. Two specimens. In one of these the sperm.atozoa were numerous, and the tubules, though small and distorted, seemed well filled with cells. In the other, part of the section was similar to the most active specimens, but the rest of the tubules were emptier. June. No specimens. July. Four specimens. One of these had a moderate number of spermatozoa, but there were few in the others, and none of the tubules contained a noticeably large quantity of cells. These testes seemed to have reverted to the more passive condition. August. Two specimens. Both with few spermatozoa and with rather empty tubules. September. Four specimens. One with a moderate number of spermatozoa and the rest with few. All had rather empty tubules. October. Three specimens. Few spermatozoa in any. In one most of the tubules were immature, in another they were small and distorted, and in the third they were loosely filled with cells. November. Five specimens. A moderate number of spermatozoa in one but very few in the rest. In the former the tubules were lightly filled with cells. One of the others was similar in this respect, but in the remaining three there were empty spaces in the tubules. December. Three specimens. All with very few spermatozoa and with empty spaces in the tubules. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 4" (b) Fin Whales January. Twenty-two specimens. One of these was too rotten to be studied. Of the remaining twenty-one, all except five had few spermatozoa. In two of these five the spermatozoa could be described as numerous, and the tubules were well filled, though not thickly packed with cells. In the third the spermatozoa were not numerous, but seemed uniformly distributed along the tubules. In the fourth and fifth a number of spermatozoa were present, but the tubules showed empty spaces or were loosely filled with cells. In the remaining sixteen the testes all had few spermatozoa and the tubules showed empty spaces or were loosely filled with cells. In spite of the one or two exceptions the testes for January do not suggest much activity in this month. February. Thirty-five specimens. In two of these spermatozoa were comparatively numerous, but the tubules, though well filled, were not thickly packed. There were one or two cases where a moderate number of spermatozoa were present, but in the great majority they were few and the tubules had empty spaces or were only loosely filled with cells. March. Three specimens. One of these (early in March) had few spermatozoa. The tubules, however, were distorted and it was difficult to interpret their condition. The second (No. 114) at the end of March had fairly numerous spermatozoa. The tubules were large and rather empty. The third specimen was rotten. April. Five specimens. One of these was hardly mature. Of the others spermatozoa were very numerous only in one, but in all four the tubules were becoming thickly packed with cells. In general, the sections for this month suggest that the activity of the testes was well started. May. Three specimens. These three were all alike in the presence of very numerous spermatozoa and tubules thickly packed with nuclei. June. No specimens. July. One specimen. Here again the spermatozoa were numerous and the tubules thickly packed with nuclei. August. Four specimens. In these a moderate number of spermatozoa were present, but the tubules were only loosely filled with cells. September. Five specimens. One had numerous and the other four from rather few to moderate numbers with loosely packed tubules. October. Three specimens. There were rather few spermatozoa in all these. In two cases the tubules were loosely filled with cells, and in the third they were practically empty. November. Five specimens. In two of these (early in the month) there was a moderate number of spermatozoa and the tubules were loosely packed with cells. In the other three there were few spermatozoa and in two the tubules were rather empty. December. Three specimens. In one there was a moderate quantity of spermatozoa but there were few in the other two. There was a tendency towards empty spaces in the tubules of all three. 412 DISCOVERY REPORTS From the foregoing material one may conclude that through the greater part of the year the testis is in a comparatively quiescent condition. As will be shown later pairing may take place exceptionally at almost any time of year, and this may account for the slow but steady production of spermatozoa during the other months. It is true that there are one or two cases of whales in which the testis appeared to be producing spermatozoa comparatively rapidly at times when the majority are quiescent, e.g. Nos. 374 (January), 471 (January), and 552 (February), but the activity of the testis in April and May, in comparison with its condition in other months, is quite unmistakable. No material is available for June, but no doubt the conditions in this month are similar to those for May. The bearing of these observations on the question of the season at which pairing takes place will be considered in a later section. BREEDING AND GROWTH SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON BREEDING The Study of the reproductive processes and breeding habits of whales constitutes probably the most important part of the work concerned with direct observations on whales. The sources from which information may be obtained on this subject are included mainly among (i) the examination of the reproductive organs themselves, (2) the study of the occurrence of foetuses, and (3) the correlation of the seasonal move- ments and other habits of whales, with the reproductive processes. The difficulty of obtaining any direct evidence on the breeding of whales has already been pointed out, and it may be said that the investigation of evidence from one source alone, such as the lengths of foetuses at different times, does not provide quite adequate information. It is necessary to put together the evidence from all sources in an endeavour to build up, so to speak, as much as possible of the life history and reproductive cycle of the whales under consideration. In the first place, it must be explained that nearly all the conclusions which are to be drawn on the breeding habits of whales ultimately rest on the assumption that there is an annual migration of these whales towards the equator in winter into warmer waters for purposes of breeding, and southwards in summer into colder waters where food is more plentiful. It is not necessary to assume that this rule is rigidly adhered to by all the whalebone whales, but it is sufficient if it can be shown that there is at least a general tendency in the south for a northward breeding movement in \\inter and a southward feeding movement in summer. This annual migration has been fairly well established by other investigators, but as it is of considerable importance here it will be best at this point to give some attention to the evidence supporting it. To begin with, there is the evidence from the quantities of whales caught at whaling stations in different latitudes at different seasons. Briefly it may be said that at the southern stations, such as those in South Georgia, which is a relatively cold region, the BREEDING AND GROWTH 413 numbers of whales are altogether greater in summer than in winter, whereas at the northerly stations the reverse is the case. This fluctuation is described in detail by Risting (1928) and is in itself strong evidence for a northern migration in winter and a southern migration in summer. Harmer has gone into this question in even greater detail, and his analysis of the returns from whaling stations in the Dependencies and on the west and east African coasts puts the fact of the north and south migration of Blue, Fin and Humpback whales practically beyond all question. Of these three species the most rigidly defined migration appears to be that of the Humpback. Observations on whales of the North Atlantic have also led to the supposition of a north and south migration, and descriptions of the migrations of these species in that region have been given by Collett (1912), Risting (1928), Hinton (1925) and others. In fact it may be considered that this annual movement is a universal rule among the Balaenopteridae. The existing knowledge of the reproductive processes and breeding habits is rather meagre, but a brief account must be given here of the more important previous work which has been done on the subject. Work on the breeding of whales which had been published up to 19 15 is mostly sum- marized by Hinton (1925). It may be mentioned that probably the most important early work on the subject is that of Guldberg (1886), to whom reference has already been made on p. 265. Hinton's paper is based on the records of 294 whales examined by Barrett- Hamilton at South Georgia over a period of two months. The value of the material is, of course, restricted by the shortness of the period, for the composition of the local whale population is liable to vary so much from month to month and year to year that conclusions cannot be drawn from a quantitative analysis of the data. In the " Preliminary Memorandum" a scheme of the rate of propagation is given, which summarizes some of the more important conclusions. In this, gestation (in Fin whales) is taken as lasting for 10 to 12 months and the length of the calf at birth as 20 to 25 ft. (i.e. approximately 6 or 7 metres) ; during the next year it is suckling and grows to 45 or 50 ft. (15 metres) and, after weaning, it grows in its second year to 61 ft. and is then ready to breed in the next sexual season. The estimation of the period of gestation and length of the calf at birth appear to be well founded, for there was a considerable number of foetal records and previous work (mostly from the North Atlantic) on which to base the former, and the latter can easily be fixed with sufficient precision from the lengths of the largest foetuses and smallest calves recorded. We have, however, been unable to find any mention of the evidence on which the supposed subsequent rate of growth is based, except a remark on p. 126 that the whalers believe that the calf grows very rapidly and accompanies the mother for a full year. According to Haldane (1905) also, the whalers consider that the young Fin whale cow is mature at two to three years. Of the Fin whale foetuses noted by Barrett-Hamilton, Hinton estimates the majority to have been conceived in July and August. The majority of pairings for the North Atlantic are estimated to fall between January and April. The Blue whale records for ^14 DISCOVERY REPORTS South Georgia are not very useful as there are only seven, but for the North Atlantic the majority of pairings is estimated to fall in December, February and March, but they are spread over a longer period and are much less conclusive than in the case of Fin whales. The next paper to be mentioned is that of Andrews (1916) on the Pacific Grey whale, Rhachianectes glaiicus. It has been possible to make some direct observations on the migrations and breeding of this whale, and these observations provide by analogy some useful evidence on the breeding of the other whalebone whales. The period of gestation in this species is clearly about one year, and it has been shown that subsequent growth is remarkably rapid. It has already been mentioned that a detailed examination of some of the whalers' statistics has been made by Harmer, special attention having been paid to an analysis of the records of foetuses with a view to calculating the pairing dates and ascertaining the limits of the breeding season and the months in which the breeding activities reach a maximum. The more important results are incorporated in an account of the southern whaling industry in the Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Research and Development in the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. The analyses of the foetal records suggest that the maximum time of pairing for Fin whales falls in about July, for Blue whales between June and October, and for Humpbacks about September. It is shown that though the existence of a definite pairing season is a clearly established fact, it is prolonged over several months at least. It is inferred that parturition takes place normally not later than July. These inferences, which are concerned with the breeding season of whales and drawn from the whalers' records of foetuses, are subject to two weaknesses. In the first place, the accuracy of the material is not wholly to be relied on. However, such inaccuracy as exists does not seem to be sufficiently serious to aff'ect the main conclusion that pairing mostly occurs between about June and September, for this agrees well with similar estimations from other sources, such as those of Hinton from the North Atlantic. The more serious difliculty in fixing the maximum pairing season is due to the uncertainty as to the rate of growth in the earlier stages of gestation, the uncertainty being due to the fact that the information is derived only from records of foetuses measuring from about I ft. upwards and is unchecked by observations on the ovaries and testes and the evidence of minute foetuses. An exhaustive paper has recently been published by Risting (1928) in which an analysis has been made of the statistics supplied by various whaling companies over a number of years and assembled by the Norwegian Whalers' Association. This is carried out on very much the same lines as Harmer 's work described above. The paper serves in general to confirm the supposition that the period of gestation in Blue and Fin whales is in the neighbourhood of a year, that pairing takes place during the southern winter and that the pairing season is itself somewhat indefinite and prolonged. It is estimated that among Blue whales pairing takes place mostly in June, July and August, and among Fin whales in June, July, August and September. Risting's results are, of course, liable to the same two weaknesses which are mentioned in connection BREEDING AND GROWTH 415 with Harmer's work. Risting (1929) has further pubHshed a brief paper on the same subject in Den Norske Hvalfangst Tidende. Among the sources of information on breeding mentioned above are the repro- ductive organs and the occurrence of foetuses. The latter, which are perhaps the most important of all, are comparatively simple to deal with, for, by plotting out the foetuses found according to their length and the date on which they occurred, we have important evidence at once as to the rate of growth and the probable seasons of pairing and parturition. Owing to the fact that the pairing season is prolonged over a considerable period, the points so plotted are very much scattered, so that the best one can do is to construct a curve which seems to represent as accurately as possible the mean rate of growth throughout gestation. This, however, is not a serious difficulty. The main weakness of this method (at least of fixing the pairing season) lies, as already mentioned, in the uncertainty of the rate of growth in the early stages of development. It is here that observations on the genitalia of whales are needed, to fix, for example, the exact season at which pairing takes place, and to investigate the details of the oestrous cycle, the sexual season of the male, etc. In this connection the most important whales to examine are the adult females, and naturally the most important observations are to be made at the period when pairing and parturition mostly take place. One of the most serious obstacles to the work on whales at whaling stations has been the difficulty of finding adult females at this particular time of year. As will be explained later, the seasons of pairing and parturition fall in the southern winter or autumn, when whaling closes in the Dependencies and opens at South African stations. It is at the latter, there- fore, that the most important observations on the breeding processes are to be sought. It has already been mentioned that at Saldanha Bay the number of adult whales caught is unfortunately small and the conditions appear to be much the same at other African stations, though the percentage of mature whales appears to be somewhat higher at the Durban stations. At present it is impossible to say what becomes in winter of the numerous adult whales which frequent the neighbourhood of South Georgia in summer. This question, however, will be considered again later on. SEXUAL MATURITY In an investigation of the breeding of whales, the first fact to be sought, if possible, for every whale is whether or not it is sexually mature. Sexual maturity is to be distin- guished from full (physical) maturity. The latter may take place long after the former is attained, and it can sometimes, though with difficulty, be distinguished by the degree of ossification of the vertebral epiphyses. An accurate diagnosis of sexual maturity is of special importance for several reasons. In the first place, the proportion of immature whales among those which are killed is of fundamental importance in any consideration of the effect of whaling on the stock of 4i6 DISCOVERY REPORTS whales; and, in the second place, the determination of the proportion of mature and immature whales is a necessary preliminary to the estimation of various other ratios, such as the percentage of adult females pregnant or lactating. The amount of data collected during the work makes it possible to fix with con- siderable accuracy the mean length at which Blue and Fin whales become mature, and, among all the whales examined, there have been very few cases in which maturity or immaturity cannot be determined with confidence. The only doubtful cases are those of whales whose length, being near to that at which maturity takes place, gives no clue, and in which there are not sufficiently definite records of the condition of the genitalia. It is easy to determine whether a female is mature or not, but there is much more difficulty in the case of males. Among females, information can be obtained from the following points: 1. Presence of a foetus. This, of course, determines maturity, but it is of little value in itself for estimating the mean length at which members of a species become mature. 2. Presence of corpora lutea in the ovary. This is the most valuable means of ascertain- ing whether a female is mature or not. If corpora lutea (including the scars of very old ones) are present in the ovary, the whale must, of course, be mature, and it can be said that, with negligible exceptions, a whale without any sign of corpora lutea in the ovaries is immature. As was explained in the section on the reproductive organs, it appears that the old corpora lutea persist for several years, so that once ovulation has taken place there will always be corpora lutea, or traces of them, in the ovaries. Instances of whales which have just become mature without having yet ovulated are extremely rare, and it might indeed be argued that a female need not be regarded as mature until it has actually ovulated. In no case has a whale been examined which for other reasons was obviously mature, but which had no traces of corpora lutea in the ovaries. 3. Size of the uterus. There is, of course, an increase in the size of the uterus when maturity is reached but it is not sufficiently sudden to constitute an infallible distinction between the mature and immature. Among Fin whales an immature individual would very rarely have a uterus measuring more than ii-ocm. across the cornu (i.e. the transverse diameter of the collapsed cornu), and the uterus of mature whales would rarely measure less. Among Blue whales the corresponding figure would be about 12-0 cm. (see Figs. 131 and 132). 4. Size of the ovaries. In a number of cases a figure has been used representing roughly the volume of the ovaries and obtained by multiplying together the length, breadth and depth expressed in centimetres. Among Fin whales a figure exceeding about 800 generally indicates a mature whale. Among Blue whales a corresponding figure would be about 900, but this is less certain. 5. Weight of the ovaries. This is more convenient than measuring the size of the ovaries. As stated in the section dealing with the reproductive organs, among Fin BREEDING AND GROWTH 4i7 whales a pair of ovaries weighing less than 2 lb. generally indicates immaturit}f, the corresponding figure for Blue whales being slightly higher (see Figs. 120 and 121). 6. Condition of the mafnmary glands. The appearance of the mammary gland after flensing, and to some extent its thickness, form a useful quick method of determining whether or not a whale is mature. There are only occasionally intermediate cases where the method cannot be applied and most of these can be settled by a histological examina- tion of the gland. 7. Condition of the ovarian follicles. These are not of great importance except where they serve as an indication in immature whales of the approach of maturity. Among males there is very much less to go on, but information can be obtained from the following points : 1 . Size of the penis. This is perhaps the readiest method of distinguishing mature from immature males, but it can be used only to distinguish definitely mature from definitely immature whales, for the growth of the penis at maturity is not conspicuously sudden. Among Fin whales a penis exceeding about 1-5 m. would usually indicate maturity, and about the same figure would apply to Blue whales. 2. Size of the testis. This is more convenient than taking the weight, as there is a great range in size. If the size, measured in the manner explained on p. 406, exceeds about 4 in the case of Fin whales, and say 5 in the case of Blue whales, the whale is generally mature (see Fig. 139). 3. Histology of the testis. This is the most reliable method of distinguishing maturity, but it is naturally laborious. The distinction between the mature and immature testis, as seen in sections, is fully explained in the section on the reproductive organs. According to calculations based on a large number of individuals distinguished as mature or immature by the above methods, the following figures may be taken as accurate estimations of the mean lengths at which Blue and Fin whales become sexually mature : Blue females 237 m. or 77 ft. 9 in. Blue males 22-6 m. or 74 ft. 2 in. Fin females 20-0 m. or 65 ft. 7 in. Fin males 19-5 m. or 63 ft. 8 in. The corresponding figures calculated by Hinton and based on the records left by Barrett-Hamilton are according to these results mostly a little too low. He gives 75-80 ft., 70 ft., 61 ft. and 60 ft. respectively. The value of establishing the mean length at which maturity is reached lies in the fact that it enables one to calculate the percentage of mature whales in lists of catches in which only the sex and length are given. The following notes will give some idea of the degree of accuracy with which maturity can be gauged by the length alone : Blue females. Of 402 female Blue whales there were three clearly mature measuring less than 237 m. and three clearly immature measuring more than 237 m. The smallest 4i8 DISCOVERY REPORTS mature whale measured 23-2 m. and the largest immature whale measured 24-3 m. Five other whales measuring 23-0 m. to 23-4 m. were doubtful but probably immature (Nos. 209, 1267, 1408, 1436 and 1482) and three measuring 237 m. to 24-2 m. were doubtful but probably mature. Blue males. Of 383 male Blue whales two certainly mature and one probably mature measured less than 22-6 m., three certainly mature whales measured 22-6 m., and two certainly and one probably immature whale measured more than 22-6 m. The smallest certainly mature whale was 22-4 m. and the largest certainly immature whale measured 22-74 "^- There were, however, nine whales between 22-0 m. and 22-95 ™- ^^ which the records did not provide evidence as to maturity. Fin females. Of 351 female Fin whales, five clearly mature whales measured less than 20-0 m., four mature and one immature whale measured exactly 20-0 m. and nine clearly immature whales measured more than 20-0 m. The smallest certainly mature whale measured 19-55 "^- ^^^ ^^e largest certainly immature whale measured 20-85 m. There were also five doubtful whales and two just verging on maturity between 19-5 m. and 21-2 m. Fin males. Of 441 male Fin whales, fourteen mature whales measured less than 19-4 m., two mature whales measured exactly 19-4 m. and eleven immature whales measured more than 19-4 m. The smallest certainly mature whale measured 19- 1 m. and the largest certainly immature whale measured 20-0 m. There were also twenty-nine doubtful cases between 19-0 m. and 20-1 m. The ratios of mature and immature whales which have been examined at different times and places may now be considered. In the following table the percentages of immature whales are shown separately for the whales examined at South Georgia and Saldanha Bay, and for the separate seasons and half-seasons at South Georgia. (The end of January is taken as the middle of the South Georgia season, which lasts from October to May.) Blue whales Fin whales Females Males Females Males •u i" 9 u ^1 3 ^1 e2| f- TO 3 1 Z.6 3 l-> u u 11 3 z.^ .^ Z.^ .s E- c ,E E^ c .E South Georgia Feb. to May 1925 58 34 58-6 50 34 6S-0 75 26 347 56 23 41-0 Oct. 1925 to Jan. 1926 20 5 25-0 17 6 35-3 72 7 97 IIS 7 61 Feb. to Mar. 1926 SI 37 72-5 41 32 78-0 67 23 34-3 95 21 221 Total for season 1925-6 71 42 59-2 58 38 65-5 139 30 21-6 210 28 13-3 Nov. 1926 to Jan. 1927 102 23 22-6 114 17 149 25 2 S-o t8 4 22-2 Feb. to Apr. 1927 44 17 38-6 41 22 53-7 37 18 486 43 20 4'''5 Total for se,ison 1926-7 146 40 27-4 15s 39 25-2 62 20 32-3 61 24 39-4 Total for South Georgia 275 116 42-2 263 III 42-2 276 76 27-5 327 75 22-3 South Africa Saldanha Bay 1926 ... 127 102 80-3 120 99 82-5 75 69 92-0 114 90 79-0 BREEDING AND GROWTH 419 The most striking result shown by this table is the generally high percentage of immature whales. The figures for males and females correspond fairly closely in both species, but the percentage of immature Blue whales is usually higher than in the case of Fin whales. At South Georgia, perhaps the most important fact is that there is always a higher percentage of immature whales in the second half of the season than in the first. In- cluded above are three second-half seasons and two first-half seasons. Among Blue whales the percentage of immature whales in the first half of the season is about 20 per cent or 30 per cent, but in the second half of the season usually more than half, and in one case 78 per cent, of the whales are immature. The same phenomenon is to be seen in the case of Fin whales. Here the immature whales are mostly under 10 per cent of the total in the earlier part of the season, but rise to 30 per cent or 40 per cent in the second half of the season. These figures are, of course, a reflection of certain features of the migrations and move- ments of the whales, and it appears that there is a general tendency for the large whales to visit the coasts of South Georgia first, and for the smaller whales to come on later. The significance of this will be discussed in a later section. One other feature may be pointed out in the figures for South Georgia and that is that there is a definitely lower percentage of immature Blue whales in the 1926-7 season than in the two preceding seasons. This is due to the exceptional nature of the catches of Blue whales, which were present in very large numbers throughout most of the season, and which were of a large average size. This again is dealt with more fully later on. Of the figures for Saldanha Bay there is little to be said beyond the fact that almost the entire catch (from 80 per cent to 90 per cent) consists of immature whales. The catches at Saldanha Bay are fairly uniform throughout the season and there seems little to be gained by a comparison here between the first and second halves of the season. The proportion of immature whales in the catches needs careful scrutiny from the economic point of view. As has been pointed out on various occasions, the killing of immature whales is economically undesirable, as it means that these whales have no chance of reproducing. To express in a dift'erent way what is perhaps the same thing, one may say that a high percentage of immature whales in the catches is a reflection of a general decrease in the average length of the whales. Now it is known that one of the first effects of the depletion of a community of animals is a general decrease in size, which results from the likelihood that an individual is killed before it has time to grow to its full size. Thus, where an unnaturally high percentage of immature whales is found, excessive hunting may be suspected. At Saldanha Bay, however, the high proportion of immature whales is not due to this cause but to the segregation of young whales in that particular region. The whole question will be examined, however, when the movements and distribution of the whales come to be considered. 420 DISCOVERY REPORTS THE BREEDING SEASON The term "breeding season" is not very explicit and needs to be used with a certain amount of caution, for it does not clearly differentiate between the pairing season and the season at which the young are born. The term "breeding season" will probably convey to most people the season at which pairing takes place, but in any case it so happens that the two fall very close together and certainly overlap to some extent. In many cases, however, it will be better to speak separately of the "pairing season" and the "season of parturition". The fact that whales actually have a breeding season has been clearly established by various previous authors. It is pointed out by Hinton that the first attempt to deduce the time of the breeding season from a study of the lengths of foetuses at different times was made by Guldberg (1886), who found from an examination of foetuses from the North Atlantic that there was at least such a thing as a definite pairing season. More data were subsequently collected by Cocks (1886-90) and Collett (19 12) and the question was re-examined by Hinton in 1925. Similar work has been done, as already explained, by Harmer (unpublished) and Risting (1928), and the results of these investigators' work are mainly in agreement. The position from which we now have to start is as follows. From a study of the recorded lengths of a considerable number of foetuses of Blue and Fin whales, several authors have arrived at the conclusion that (i) the pairing season is very protracted and lasts as such over two or three months, while pairing may exceptionally take place at almost any time of year, (2) the maximum amount of pairing takes place about July in the case of Blue and Fin whales. That pairing is spread over a considerable period is obvious from the diversity in the lengths of the foetuses which may be taken at any one time, but these authors do not claim to have proved that, say, July is the month in which the maximum numbers of Blue and Fin foetuses were conceived. It is merely stated that, as far as the available data goes, July appears to be the most likely month, the doubt lying mainly in the rate of linear growth during the earliest stages of development. Perhaps the only way in which it is possible to ascertain the length of this preliminary period, apart from guess- work, is to compare the mean curve of foetal growth with the dates at which the greatest numbers of whales show signs of active breeding, such as the occurrence of minute foetuses, heat and ovulation among females, and the increased activity of the testis among males. It will be convenient to start with the more direct evidence concerning the time of the breeding season and to go on later to the foetal growth curve. In the first place, some information on the female sexual season is to be had from the ovarian follicles. The fact that many follicles are to be seen in ripening ovaries is a sign that many ova may be shed, but the rule is that one ovum is shed at a time, for, in the first place, one follicle appears always to be definitely larger than any others in the ovaries, and, in the second place, twins and multiple births are not common occurrences. BREEDING AND GROWTH 421 It has already been shown that large follicles may be present at any season of the year in whales which are neither pregnant nor lactating, but there is definite evidence that in the majority of such whales the follicles are small during January, February and March, but increase in size in April and May, i.e. the growth of the follicles eases up in the summer but becomes active at the commencement of the southern winter (see Fig. 124, p. 387). Perhaps the most important sign of breeding activity is the occurrence of functional corpora lutea in the ovaries without the presence of a foetus. This, of course, indicates recent ovulation. It is observed so seldom at South Georgia that the occurrence of a recent corpus luteum in the ovaries almost invariably means a foetus in the uterus. At Saldanha Bay, however, such corpora lutea occurred comparatively frequently in pro- portion to the number of adult whales. Although these corpora lutea of ovulation have been discussed in the section on the reproductive organs it will be convenient to recapitulate here some of the details of their occurrence. Among Blue whales they were found on March 14 and 18 (1926 and 1927), May 4 (1925), and October 24 (1925) at South Georgia; while among the few mature whales at Saldanha Bay they occurred on June 17, 22 and 29 and on July 19. Among Fin whales they were found on February 16 and 28 (1925) at South Georgia, and June 22, July 13 and September 15 at South Africa. It must be emphasized again that the numbers of adult females taken at South African stations is very small and that the percentage of ovulations is therefore very high. Further light is thrown on the breeding season by the occurrence of several minute foetuses in an early stage of development. Two of these were of Blue whales and occurred in July and August. They measured 21 mm. and 30 mm. respectively. It is difficult to say how old such foetuses are but probably conception took place not less than several weeks previously. Among Fin whales there were three small embryos. One of these was found in August and the other two both occurred in January. Judging from the appearance of one of the latter when it was found (in whale No. 331) it seems possible that it was abortive, but the occurrence of the other one so late as January is surprising, though not very exceptional when compared with the irregular occurrence of many of the larger Fin whale foetuses (see Fig. 146, p. 425). Photographs of some of these foetuses appear on Plate XXXVIII, together with that of a Sei whale (No. 1074) which measured only 2 mm. and is probably the smallest foetus of a whalebone whale which has ever been found. These small foetuses are not described in detail in the present report but will doubtless form the subject of a separate paper in due course. It has already been explained that through the greater part of the year the testis is in a comparatively quiescent condition but that from about April to July it shows signs of increasing activity in the production of spermatozoa (see p. 408). Seen as it is in sections of the testis, this activity takes place perhaps rather earlier than one would expect, comparing it with, say, the time at which corpora lutea of ovulation occur most plentifully, but a proliferation of germ cells in the testis does not, after all, necessarily mean that the spermatozoa will be put to immediate use. 422 DISCOVERY REPORTS It is now seen that the time of ripening of the ovarian folhcles, the occurrence of corpora lutea resuking from recent ovulations, the occurrence of minute foetuses, and the season at which the testis shows an increased activity, all point to the earlier part of the southern winter as the season at which the breeding processes become general. The next step will be to examine the records of the lengths of the foetuses at different times of year and to construct curves to represent the growth of the foetus. The pairing season, as indicated by these curves, may then be compared with informa- tion provided by the reproductive organs. The total number of foetuses examined at South Georgia and Saldanha Bay is as follows : Males Females Sex not determined Total Blue Fin Sei . Humpback Sperm . . . 19 41 7 3 28 35 5 I I Total for al 3 5 I 2 species 50 81 13 6 I 151 In the above list twins (which have occurred twice) are counted as two foetuses. Cases in which foetuses were known to have been present (e.g. by traces of foetal membranes), but were not found, are not included. Those recorded under "Sex not determined" were either too small or too much decomposed for their sex to be dis- tinguished. In Fig. 145 all the Blue whale foetuses which have been examined in the course of the work are plotted according to their lengths and the dates on which they were found. The average monthly lengths are also shown. The curve is an attempt to show what is the probable rate of growth of the foetus. So far as its actual shape is concerned, it should represent the growth of any Blue whale foetus, while its position in respect to the time of year should enable one to find the probable mean size of all the foetuses at a given time. The curve in this case is drawn "freehand" to represent as well as possible the general trend of the mass of plotted points, regard being paid also to the monthly average lengths. It is not, of course, intended as a final representation of the rate of growth, but simply what seems most probable from the given material. A similar curve for Fin whales is shown in Fig. 146. Here the plotted points have turned out to be considerably more scattered than in the case of Blue whales, though the monthly average lengths arrange themselves in a fairly good line. One foetus, measuring 5 m. in November, lay far outside all the others and is not shown in the figure. This one, however, was an abortive foetus found in whale No. 262. It was a case of abdominal pregnancy and when found the foetus was in a degenerate condition and appeared to be in the process of reabsorption by the parent. It may therefore be left out of any calculations concerned with the growth of the foetus. BREEDING AND GROWTH 423 -^^A- ■^^■• ''^/^i. ''■J^--. -r _3 s « > a _>> j= ■4-' C o o M "o P -G C SHHiaW Nl SniaOJ iO HiON31 424 DISCOVERY REPORTS It will be seen that the mean curve of growth rises only very gently during the earliest part of gestation and is drawn, in the case of Blue whales, to begin in June. Although the greater part of the curve is derived from the plotted foetal lengths, this earlier part depends on the time fixed as the height of the pairing season and in order to determine this time, the evidence provided by the reproductive organs may be used. In order to get a clear idea as to what months are most likely to be occupied by the pairing season, it will be convenient to draw up a table as follows, in which the evidence from the testis, the ovaries, the minute foetuses, and the growth of the larger foetuses may be seen as a whole : Blue Fin I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 °o of mature testes proliferating sper- matozoa % of mature females with functional corpus luteum but no foetus 3 C || Height of mean curve of foetal growth % of mature testes proliferating sper- matozoa % of mature females with functional corpus luteum but no foetus V k 11 3 u Height of mean curve of foetal growth Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 66 100 ? 6 4 33 33 25 12 I I 2-5 3-6 4-8 6-1 Over 7 o 0-05 0-12 0-3 0-6 i-i 1-8 5 6 75 100 ? (100) 5 (lOO) (lOO) 33 2 I 2-0 2-75 3-5 4-4 5-5 0-05 0-13 0-3 0-57 0-95 1-45 Note. Owing to the relatively small number of mature whales for each month, the percentages are not as reliable as one could wish. Percentages in brackets mean that there was only one mature whale in that month. Column i refers to testes showing definite signs of increased activity, and column 2 refers to whales in which the corpus luteum showed that ovulation must have taken place recently. In column 4 the height of the curve is measured for the middle of each month, as will be seen by reference to Figs. 145 and 146. No column has been kept to show the monthly sizes of the ovarian follicles as the data do not lend them- selves so well to treatment of this kind, but reference may be made to Fig. 124 on p. 387. It will be seen from the table that the testes in both species begin to show signs of activity in April and continue to proliferate spermatozoa during May and probably June, and that during most of the other months they are in a comparatively inactive condition. In regard to ovulations the results are inconclusive in the case of Fin whales owing to very limited material, but among Blue whales the majority fall in May, June and July, i.e. somewhat later than the activity of the testis. The two small Blue whale embr\'OS occur, as might be expected, still later (in July and August). Of the small Fin whale embryos, one appears in August and the other two are aberrant. Finally, the BREEDING AND GROWTH 42s saaiaw ni snxaoa ao hionhi 426 DISCOVERY REPORTS height of the mean curve of foetal growth shows that the period of gestation is, on the average, well started by the end of August. Taking the data as a whole, it may be inferred that the height of the pairing season falls in both species towards the end of June. As already mentioned, the early activity of the testes does not necessarily mean that pairing takes place equally early, and the instances of ovulation point to the end rather than the beginning of June, for it must be remembered that, as whales appear to be polyoestrous, several ovulations may occur before impregnation, but none will occur afterwards. It will be seen that the curve for both species starts slowly but gradually increases throughout pregnancy. It cannot perhaps be regarded as certain that the rate of growth increases steadily during the latter part of gestation, but it is quite certain that growth 20- A M / \ 15- /k 10- \ 1 \\ o z oi < '^v / V- 6-5- ' 7 \ \ O 1 \ \ OS / V \ w 03 S // \ \ /^. 3 ^•""^ / v z _ / / ^^ ^^ "^^ • \ APR. ' MAY ' JUNE ' JULY ' AUG. ' SEPT. ■^ 1 ^ ...... -» OCT. NOV. DEC. Fig. 147. Curve of frequency of pairing. Blue whales. Fin whales. is relatively slow in the earlier stages. It is a characteristic feature of the development of these whales that the form of the body is practically perfected at a stage when the foetus is still very small. A 0-5 m. foetus, for instance, differs very little in appearance and bodily proportions from the adult and so far as the internal structures are con- cerned the organs are probably all laid down by the time the foetus has reached o-i m. It is therefore natural to suppose that the actual linear rate of growth is extremely slow while the foetus grows from zero to about o-i m. compared with its subsequent growth up to the end of gestation, for from between o-i m. and 0-5 m. up to birth at 6-7 m. development consists mainly in increase in size. It appears that the rate of growth in Fin whales is somewhat less than in Blue whales and it is probable that in Sei whales it is slovi^er than in Fin whales. The dotted curves in Figs. 145 and 146 are reproductions of the mean curve of growth BREEDING AND GROWTH 427 shifted to lateral intervals of one month so as to include all the plotted points. It will be seen from these that, given that all foetuses of one species grow at an equal speed, all the foetuses measured were conceived within a period of less than five months in the case of Blue whales and less than seven months in the case of Fin whales. We are now in a position to draw curves showing the probable intensity of pairing during the season, indicated by the material in question. For this it is only necessary to count the numbers of plotted points between two parallel curves and one may plot the number obtained against the month in which they were conceived as indicated by the parallel curves, or better, one may divide the points between two curves into those lying nearer the one curve and those lying nearer the other, and count the number for each half-month. The results are shown for both species in the following table, and are plotted in Fig, 147. Date of pairing May, 1st half May, 2nd half June, 1st half June, 2nd half July, I St half July, and half August, I St half August, 2nd half Blue Fin — 7 5 5 8 9 9 19 13 12 10 9 3 6 I 6 Date of pairing September, ist half September, 2nd half October, ist half October, 2nd half November, ist half November, 2nd half December, ist half December, 2nd half Blue Fin Thus in both species it appears that May, June, July and August are the months in which the majority of pairings take place, the maximum falling at about the end of June or beginning of July. In the case of Fin whales, the results indicate that pairing may take place over seven or eight months and the fact that the Blue whale season appears more restricted is probably merely because we have not so many foetal records for this species. There would be no justification, however, for arguing from this that, if the records were sufficiently increased, instances of pairing in every month of the year would appear. The results of this investigation of the breeding season differ slightly from those of Hinton and Harmer in that the period of maximum pairing is now set rather earlier in the winter. This difference is mainly the outcome of correlating the evidence of the reproductive organs with the curve of foetal growth. The question of the female sexual season, although intimately connected with the breeding season in general, need not be considered here, as it has already been dealt with in the section on the ovaries. It has been shown that whales are almost certainly polyoestrous, and in view of the protracted nature of the breeding season one may suppose that in many cases several dioestrous cycles may occur before pregnancy supervenes. It is difficult, however, to express any opinion as to the length of the interval between the successive dioestrous cycles. 428 DISCOVERY REPORTS THE SEXUAL CYCLE AND GROWTH OF THE CALF The length of the period of gestation can be found from the curve of growth of the foetus, provided the length of the calf at birth is known, a point which can be ascertained with a fair degree of accuracy. One way of finding the average length at which the calf is born is to compare the largest foetuses with the smallest calves which have been recorded. In the course of our work two very large foetuses were found. One was that of a Blue whale (No. 154) and measured 6-3 m. (20-6 ft.), the other was of a Fin whale (No. 173) and measured 6^05 m. (19-85 ft.). In both cases, but especially in the latter, the condition of the mother suggested that parturition would have shortly taken place. Before No. 173 was flensed, it was noticed that the genital region was greatly swollen and that the genital groove was stretched open to a remarkable extent. A sample of the mammary gland was preserved and sectioned and it was found that the condition of the gland suggested that secretion would shortly commence. The external genitalia of No. 154 were in a similar condition but sections were not made of the mammary glands. These cases, so far as they go, suggest that in Blue whales the calf is born when rather more than 6-3 m. long and in Fin whales when a little over 6-o m. Haldane (1905) records Blue whale calves of 6-7 m. (22 ft.) and 6-i m. (20 ft.). Harmer mentions a Fin whale foetus of 6-4 m. (21 ft.) and a Blue whale foetus of 8-8 m. (29 ft.), but these are quoted from statistics supplied by the whalers and their precise accuracy cannot be regarded as very reliable. Records of the smallest calves are of course very hard to come by, for very small ones are rarely seen and hardly worth shooting. There is also a regulation in the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands prohibiting the whalers from attacking females accompanied by calves. However, Hinton (1925) mentions records of three Blue whale foetuses from 5-3 m. to 7-0 m., and the statistics supplied by Messrs Irvin and Johnson, whose whaling station is at Saldanha Bay, include a record of a Blue whale calf of 7-7 m. (25-3 ft-)- On the whole it seems probable that Blue whales are born on the average at about 7-0 m. (23-0 ft.) and Fin whales at about 6-5 m. (21-3 ft.). It is at least certain that the length at birth is not far from this. No doubt some variation occurs. It has been sug- gested, for instance, that the length of the calf at birth bears a definite ratio to the size of the mother, but this is a statement which it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to test. In any case if birth may take place at lengths other than 7-0 m. and 6-5 m. in the two species the diff'erence would not materially affect the estimation of the length of the period of gestation especially as the rate of growth is fastest at the end of gestation. By reference to Figs, 145 and 146 it is seen that the curve for Blue whales ends at 7-0 m., representing the close of the period of gestation. The point reached at the 7-0 m. level is opposite the beginning of May. In Fin whales the curve reaches 6-5 m. opposite the middle of June. This gives a period of gestation of slightly over ten months in the case of Blue whales, and of eleven and a half months in the case of Fin whales. BREEDING AND GROWTH 429 The time of the season of parturition may be worked out in the same way as the pairing season. If we continue on the assumption that all the foetuses of a species grow at the same rate the season of parturition will of course be identical in duration and intensity with the pairing season. All that needs to be done is to reproduce the pairing curves (Fig. 147) ten months later in the case of Blue whales and eleven and a half months later in the case of Fin whales. The result is shown in Fig. 148. The details of the shapes of these curves of course mean nothing, but they suggest in general that Blue whales are mostly born in April and May and Fin whales in June and July. APR. ' MAY ■ JUNE ' JULY ' AUG. ' SEPT. """ OCT. ' NOV. Fig. 148. Curve of frequency of births. Blue whales. Fin whales. As explained above it is being assumed that the foetuses grow at the same speed during gestation. If, however, some foetuses grow faster than others the result would be that the season of parturition might be more protracted than the pairing season. On the other hand it is possible that a whale which was impregnated early might retain the foetus slightly longer than one which was impregnated later, since birth apparently takes place mostly when the parent migrates northwards to warmer waters, and the attainment of the proper environment might have the effect of stimulating slightly premature parturition in a whale in which the foetus was later than the average. There is still another assumption involved in the construction of the foetal growth curves, and that is that the earliness or lateness of a pregnant whale's visit to the neighbourhood of South Georgia is not affected by the age of the foetus, i.e. the time at which impregnation took place. But it seems quite possible that a female which had not been impregnated before the later part of the pairing season might delay her southern migration until impregnation took place, while those which had been 430 DISCOVERY REPORTS impregnated earlier might also travel southwards earlier. Now as will be shown in a later section the whale population at South Georgia undergoes considerable changes during the season and it may be that the foetuses measured in the earlier part of the South Georgia season were conceived earlier than those measured in the later part of the season. The effect of this would be that the curve of mean foetal growth, constructed as it is from the progressive increase in the lengths of foetuses during the season, shows a slower rate of growth than that which actually takes place. In other words, if the time of the southern migration is influenced by the time of impregnation and if individual pregnant females stay in the vicinity of South Georgia only for a comparatively short time, then the length of the period of gestation is somewhat shorter than the period which has been estimated. However, there is no definite evidence to show that this actually happens and in any case the difference may not be very great. An important point to be considered at this stage is the length of the interval which elapses between successive pregnancies in an individual. For this also the percentage of pregnant females must be examined. If, for instance, pregnancy normally took place every year we should expect to find nearly every adult female pregnant at almost any time of year since the period of gestation lasts only a little less than a year, and it would follow that a female would normally be impregnated long before she weaned her calf. On the other hand, if pregnancy recurs every two years one would expect to find slightly less than 50 per cent of the adult females to be pregnant at a given time or if every three years something less than 33 per cent and so on. Calculations of this kind, how- ever, involve a dangerous assumption, namely, that the whales actually brought to the whaling station at South Georgia, or any other localities, constitute a representative sample of the general stock of whales. This is a subject to be dealt with in a later section, but it may be said at once that such an assumption is definitely not justified except so far as certain approximate estimations are concerned. It is quite certain that the whales caught off the south-west African coast are not representative of the whole stock, and at South Georgia the whale population is perpetually fluctuating both as regards con- stitution and numbers. However, as far as the latter locality is concerned some reason- ably certain inferences may be drawn if they are based on observations covering several seasons. The percentages of adult females pregnant vary mostly between 20 per cent and 50 per cent in the case of Blue whales and 20 per cent and 70 per cent in the case of Fin whales. Of all the adult females examined at South Georgia and Saldanha Bay 31 per cent of the Blue whales and 46 per cent of the Fin whales were pregnant. From this alone it can be regarded as fairly certain that pregnancy does not normally recur every year and the fact that out of the large number of lactating whales examined not one was pregnant, clearly rules out the possibility of annual pregnancy so far as the great majority of whales are concerned. The uterus in lactating whales has not always been opened, but it has invariably been found in these whales that the ovaries have no functional corpus luteum, i.e. of the type referred to in the section on ovaries as corpus luteum a. There exist, however, one or two records of lactating females which were pregnant. It appears that Barrett-Hamilton found one or two pregnant Humpbacks BREEDING AND GROWTH 43i with milk in the glands and Hinton mentions one or two cases recorded in the north among Blue whales. Risting also refers to such cases among Humpbacks. We have not examined a sufficient number of Humpbacks to express an opinion on that species, but so far as Blue and Fin whales are concerned it must be supposed that such cases are extremely rare, but might arise if a female were impregnated near the end of a long period of lactation. The percentage of Fin whales pregnant (46 per cent) strongly suggests that pregnancy recurs every two years. The percentage of Blue whales pregnant is lower (31 per cent) but is still rather high for pregnancy every three years and one would not expect Blue and Fin whales to differ in this respect. Taking everything into consideration, including the uncertainty as to whether one is dealing with a representative sample of the general stock of whales, it may be said that although the possibility of pregnancy every three years is not finally ruled out, it may be regarded as almost certain that it recurs in the majority of cases every two years. It is probable that an interval of three j^ears may occasionally elapse between pregnancies, but apart from considerations of the ratio of pregnant whales we have firstly the fact that gestation lasts for nearly a year, and secondly, as will be shown below, the nursing period lasts until after the next pairing is over. Thus it is naturally at the second pairing season after gestation that the next impregnation may be expected to take place. We now come to the nursing period. This does not necessarily correspond to the whole period during which the mother is accompanied by the calf or to the whole period during which the mammary glands of the parent are in functional activity, but for our immediate purpose it is required to find the length of the period from birth until weaning. To find the length of the period of gestation it was necessary to ascertain the size of the calf at birth and the rate of growth from conception until parturition. In the same way it is now required to find the length of the young whale at weaning and the rate of growth of the calf during the nursing period. The period of lactation is more difficult to determine than the period of gestation, but a few records are available which may be plotted out in much the same way as the foetuses. In the first place, the average length at which weaning takes place may be found (in the same way as the length at birth) from records of the largest sucking calves and the smallest young whales which are feeding independently. Among Blue whales examined by us there appear to be only two which were being fed by the mother. These were both caught at Saldanha Bay in September. The first. No. 1064, measured 13-35 n"*-' ^nd had very poorly developed baleen plates, of which the longest were only 18 cm. A curve showing the rate of growth of the baleen is given in Fig. 49 on p. 314. This curve shows a sudden increase in the rate of growth after the calf has reached a length of i6-o m., and it has already been suggested that this increase is connected with a change from a diet of milk to one of krill, and comes considerably after the longest plate has reached a length of 18 cm. Whale No. 1064 was taken two days after a lactating whale (No. 1057) by the same boat and at the same spot, and was considered by the whalers to be the calf of that whale. The stomach 432 DISCOVERY REPORTS contained no krill but a turbid, watery fluid was present, and this seems compatible with the suggestion that this was a calf which was being fed by the mother but had been starved for two days. In any case it is fairly certain that this 13-35 ^- whale can be safely put down as an unweaned calf. Ten days after the capture of No. 1064 another Blue whale (No. 1085) was taken, which measured 13-95 ^^- Here the baleen was still short (22 cm.) and the stomach is noted as containing "a yellow fluid". The baleen seems hardly long enough for inde- pendent feeding and has not yet reached the length at which the increased rate of growth takes place. This may have been the calf of No. 1079, a lactating Blue whale caught the day before. These two (Nos. 1064 and 1085) are the two largest unweaned calves of which we have been able to find records. Messrs Hamilton and Matthews, on a visit to Durban in 1926, measured a young Blue whale of 11-85 m. of which the baleen measured 15 cm., but there was unfortunately no opportunity to examine the contents of its stomach. Unfortunately we met with only one whale measuring between 13-95 m. ^^id i6-o m. and in this whale (No. 823, 15-83 m.) the baleen and stomach were not examined. At 16-25 m. No. 248 had baleen 27 cm. long and a substance "like congealed blood" (which may well have been partially digested milk mixed with some blood) in the stomach. The probability is on the whole that this whale had not yet taken to independent feeding. Two other whales (No. 767, 16-8 m. and No. 1584, 16-95 "■>•) both had krill in the stomach. The baleen was not measured in these whales but in No. 1 104 which measured 16-82 m. (and had only blood in the stomach) the baleen was 40 cm. long, suggesting that this whale had also been weaned. It is thus reasonably certain that weaning takes place when the calf has reached some length between about 14-0 m. and 16-5 m. In view of the fact that No. 248 measuring 16-25 ™- was probably not weaned, and that the growth of the baleen plates appears to become speeded up between 16-0 m. and 17-0 m. it is probable that the required length is much nearer 16-5 m. than 14-0 m. Now, although No. 248 appeared not to be weaned it will probably be safest to put the mean length at which Blue whales are weaned at i6-o m. for there is likely to be plenty of variation in the length of the calf at this stage and we have three whales from 16-8 m. to 16-95 "^- which were all weaned. Fin whales are evidently weaned at a much shorter length than Blue whales. The smallest specimen we examined measured 12-3 m. (No. 891) and had krill in the stomach and baleen 41 cm. long. Krill was also present in No. 999 (13-35 ^^•) but the baleen was not measured. In No. 910 (13-38 m.) the stomach was empty, but in No. 84 (13-55 "^0 ^ milk-like substance was present in the stomach and the baleen measured 30 cm. In No. 1187 (also 13-55 n^-)* on the other hand, the baleen measured 50 cm. and though the stomach contents were not examined the faeces were typical of whales feeding on krill. BREEDING AND GROWTH 433 It is a pity that no Fin whales of less than i2-o m. were seen, but it may be gathered that weaning in this species takes place when the calf is in fact about i2-o m. long. There are not quite adequate data for the construction of the curve of baleen growth (see p. 355) and the first half of it rather depends on analogy with the curve for Blue whales, but it is evident from the plotted points that no spurt in growth takes place after the calf has reached much more than 13-0 m. and one may expect that it occurs between 12-0 m. and 13-0 m. All the whales over 12-0 m. were weaned except perhaps one. This one (No. 84 mentioned above) was probably unweaned, and it merely serves to show that if a Fin whale can reach 13-55 m. before being weaned, the normal length at which Fin whales are weaned is not likely to be far below i2-o m. It might in fact be above 12-0 m., for No. 891 (12-3 m.) might have been weaned earlier than usual. Hinton refers to two records of Fin whale calves of 40 ft. and 45 ft. (i.e. 12-2 m. and 13-7 m.) from the North Atlantic which were suspected of being fed on milk owing to a yellowish substance found in the stomach. In any case, until further material has been collected, it may be assumed that Blue whales are weaned on the average at i6-o m. and Fin whales at 12-0 m. The difference between these two lengths is very striking, especially as it actually exceeds the difference between the lengths at which the two species become sexually mature, but it seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that if the growth of the baleen of Fin whales re- sembles that of Blue whales, the increase in the rate of growth takes place when the Fin whale is 4-0 m. shorter than the Blue whale. In an estimation of the rate of growth of the calf during lactation and the length of the nursing period, an examination of the ratio of mature females which are nursing is not of much assistance, for their appearance is very irregular and there is a probability that a part of the nursing period is spent in some seclusion or segregation from the main herds, so that the proportion represented by those which do appear on the whaling grounds is uncertain. Furthermore, it must be remembered that the killing of females accompanied by a calf is prohibited in the Dependencies. From the accounts of the whalers it seems that young calves are very rarely seen in the Dependencies but are commoner off the South African coasts. This is to be expected since the calves appear to be born early in the southern winter when the mothers have travelled north into the warmer waters. Small calves are of course seldom killed by the South African whalers as they are scarcely worth pursuing, but, as is pointed out in the section on blubber, the lactating whales examined at Saldanha Bay were very fat compared with those at South Georgia, indicating a comparatively early stage in the nursing period. It happens occasionally at South African stations that sucking calves are killed and when this occurs valuable evidence is provided as to the rate of growth during the nursing period. At South Georgia Blue whales of less than i6-o m. or Fin whales of less than 13-0 m. are practically never captured. As scarcely any small calves have appeared in the course of our work it is necessary to turn elsewhere to find material on which to extend the curve of growth. Records of calves are extremely scarce, but among the statistics furnished to the British Museum 23 434 DISCOVERY REPORTS by the whaling companies the number of whales recorded is so great that it is possible to glean a moderate number of measurements of whales sufficiently small to be regarded as unweaned calves. These have been plotted according to their size and date in Figs. 149 and 150, and are taken from the statistics of the whaling stations at South Georgia and of Messrs Irvin and Johnson's station at Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony. Records from the South Shetlands and South Orkneys have been excluded as unreliable owing to the difficulty of measuring whales from a floating factory. For the estimation of the rate of growth during lactation Blue whales may be taken first, since for this species the material gives rather more definite results. It will be seen in Fig. 149 that the plotted points representing calves are much more scattered than those representing foetuses, but that the young calves are inclined to occur early in the southern winter while the large ones are massed in the late winter and early summer (i.e. about October, November and December). There is in fact an unmistakable path of points sloping upwards through the southern winter, and the mean curve of growth is drawn to represent as closely as possible the line of this path. Two dotted curves are drawn parallel to the mean curve of growth and set on either side of it at intervals of two months. Over the gestation period these curves are accurate reproductions of the mean curve and represent the growth of foetuses conceived two months before or two months after the height of the breeding season. They are similar during the nursing period, but are drawn to diverge slightly to allow for diff'erential rates of growth. It will be seen that these two curves enclose not only practically every foetus but also the vast majority of the calves. In other words, although they appear rather scattered and irregular, it may be supposed that the majority of recorded calves were born within four months of one another. Various factors might explain the points which fall outside the dotted curves, among which are exceptional pairings outside the breeding season, exceptionally rapid or slow growth after birth, and faulty measurement or recording by those supplying the statistics from which the plotted calves are derived. To return to the mean growth curve it is seen that this reaches the 16 m. level opposite the earlier part of December. It may be estimated therefore that the nursing period lasts on the average from May to December, i.e. about seven months. Growth during this period thus appears to be very rapid and equal (in linear increase in size) to the rate at the end of gestation. One might expect that the occurrence of lactating females, especially at South Georgia, might help to throw some light on the normal time at which the nursing period closes, but little help is to be found in this direction owing to the irregularity of the appearance of these whales. In the 1925-6 season at South Georgia there was a comparatively large number early in the season and few in the second half, a state of affairs which appears to tally well with the foregoing conclusions as to the nursing period. On the other hand, in the 1926-7 season, the lactating Blue whales predominated towards the end. It must of course be remembered that December would be only the average of a large number of times at which weaning might take place and that the process of weaning BREEDING AND GROWTH 435 16- WLANiNU a a • •»• , , » V /•••• >T • • ••■■■ • 15- • • • S *•• • /• ••• •ti • \ ■ • 14- 18- CALVES .••' • *•/'*»» • 1' 12- • .■■ •• • / •• • •»• 1 11- 10- /■ . M ' .• ! 9- / / ••■1' 1 8- / . .. ! r- 6- / . i / / 1 5- 4- \y^ ■• 1 i ; 1 W3 FOETUSES .■• c^X ** 1 ■ • ' 1-8- .« V^ t •■ 1 • = 1 s . ^** 1 '■ ' 1 Z2- •>s"' ...>i ill ' ^ 1 z •■■■''^„„««*'^^ • ♦.■••■■ i ' i : 1 u JUNE ' JULY AUc' SEPr.' OCT. ' NOV.' DtC. ' JAN. ' HtS. ' MAR.' APR. ' MAV ' JUNE ' JULY ' AUG. ' SEPT.' OCT. ' NOV.' DEC. ' JAN. ' FEB. ' MAR.' Fig. 149. Blue whales. Mean curve of growth during gestation and nursing. JUNE'jULYlTi^iEPT.' OCT. 'NOV.' DEC. ' JAN.' FEB.' MAR.' APR.' MAY ' JUNE ' JULY ' AUG. ' SEPT. ' OCT. ' NOV Fig. 150. Fin whales. Mean curve of growth during gestation and nursing. 23-2 436 DISCOVERY REPORTS may itself take some little time and an even longer period may elapse before the con- dition of the mammary glands has finally reverted to the normal. Thus in any case we may expect to find lactating whales long after December, but even so the most important cause of the irregularity in the appearance of lactating females is that their distribution and movements are probably different from other "classes" of Blue whales. It is not unlikely that they seek seclusion of some kind during a large part of the nursing period and it is probable that if the catches of the whaling stations constituted a representative sample of the whole stock, the lactating whales would regularly be found to be more numerous in the earlier part of the southern summer. We have seen then that the nursing period in Blue whales appears to occupy about seven months, on the average from about May to December, and that during this period the length of the calf becomes more than doubled. Fig. 150 has been constructed for Fin whales in just the same way as Fig. 149, but the records of calves are scarcer than in the case of Blue whales. This is no doubt due to the fact that the calves in this species, being weaned when much smaller than those of the Blue whale, are from the whaler's point of view not worth taking. All that can be said is that there is a group of large calves occurring mostly about October which were presumably born in the previous autumn (i.e. between about April and July). The mean growth curve is therefore continued upwards so as to pass through the middle of this group. It is then found to reach the 12 m. level opposite the month of December. Thus for Fin whales about six months is estimated for the nursing period which, on the average, should last from June to December. It will be noted that the rate of growth during this period is appreciably slower than that of Blue whale calves. As to the occurrence of lactating whales much the same comments apply to Fin as to Blue whales, but lactating Fin whales appear to have been spread a little more evenly over the season than lactating Blue whales. In considering now the subsequent growth of the young whale. Blue whales must again be taken first. Up till now the rate of growth of the calf has been extremely rapid, but there is some evidence that after weaning the rate of growth slows down consider- ably. This fact together with the almost certain intervention of different individual rates of growth would obscure any evidence from the plotting of larger whales according to length and date, and in order to find the rate of growth over the next period of development, that is from weaning to sexual maturity, different methods have to be employed. By a kind of statistical analysis of the catches of whales it can be argued that in all probability the period which elapses between weaning and sexual maturity is rather less than two years, or rather more than two years from birth. The evidence from this cannot perhaps be regarded as conclusive, but receives support from evidence from certain other sources. It is necessary first to consider some aspects of the migrations of Blue and Fin whales. It has been shown that the period of lactation mostly covers the winter and early part of the southern summer. During the winter the whales are to the north in warmer BREEDING AND GROWTH 437 water, but in the spring the southward migration begins and from the fact that weaning appears to take place about December, it is to be supposed that the mother with her calf migrates southwards in the beginning of the summer in order to wean the calf on the feeding grounds of the Dependencies. Probably the migration of the mother is more leisurely than that of the main body of whales travelling to the south. This is in itself probable since the calf cannot be expected to swim as fast as the adult. The suggestion is also supported by other facts. For instance there is a phenomenon which appears to be quite regular from year to year at South Georgia. If reference is made to Plates XLIII and XLIV, it will be seen that in the second half of the South Georgia season there is a regular influx of smaller whales, and that many of these (unless growth has slowed down to an improbable extent) can hardly have been weaned more than a few months, and are thus the season's new batch of whales. There is one point, however, which does not appear to agree very well with the theory that the mother and calf regularly migrate southwards towards the end of the nursing period and that is that there are numerous small whales off the South African coast in winter, many of which are obviously too small to have migrated south and back again to warmer waters since they were weaned. It is difficult to say what relation these small South African whales bear to the main stock. It is possible that in some cases the calf is weaned on the small and rather scarce krill in those waters and remains in the northerly regions for the first summer. Up to the present the story of the whale's growth may be summarized as follows. Impregnation in both Blue and Fin whales may be expected to take place about June or July and the calf is born on the average about the beginning of the following May after the parent has made a southward migration to feed during gestation and returned to the warmer waters towards the north. The calf is born at 6-5 to 7 m. and during a- nursing period of some six or seven months it grows to about 16 m. in the case of Blue whales and 12 m. in the case of Fin whales. At this stage the summer is reached and the calf is weaned when it has migrated with the parent to the southern feeding grounds. It is now necessary to find the rate of growth from this point up to sexual maturity, and to throw light on this we must, as mentioned above, examine the catches from a statistical point of view. The following table shows the length frequencies of all the whales examined in the course of our work. That is to say it shows, for various periods, the numbers of individuals which have occurred at different lengths, successive metres of length being taken as the most convenient length groups. Separate figures are given for separate seasons, but the second half of the 1924-5 season (when work was started) and the 1925-6 season are amalgamated in one column as the constitution of the whale population of South Georgia was somewhat similar in these two seasons, whereas it was quite different in the 1926-7 season. The result of this analysis of the catches can be examined more satisfactorily in a graphic form. In Figs. 151, 152 and 153 the figures are plotted in charts which show 438 DISCOVERY REPORTS the number of whales in each length group, the different seasons and sexes being kept separate as in the table. Blue Whales Length Number of females Number of males in m. Feb. to May 1925 Oct. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Feb. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Nov. 1926 to Apr. 1927 Saldanha Bay 1926 Feb. to May 1925 Oct. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Feb. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Nov. 1926 to Apr. 1927 Saldanha Bay 1926 13 14 — — — — 2 — — — — — 15 16 4 4 — 7 I — I I I 2 17 2 3 5 2 16 I 7 8 7 21 18 4 12 16 5 28 6 9 IS 6 33 19 6 7 13 9 24 7 8 15 8 23 20 9 7 16 4 12 2 7 9 6 14 21 5 4 9 4 8 1 1 8 19 3 I 22 4 5 9 7 4 6 3 9 15 7 23 6 2 8 14 2 4 5 9 33 7 24 5 7 12 15 6 8 9 17 45 6 25 7 7 14 42 7 4 2 6 28 3 26 8 II 19 36 w — — 3 2 27 2 I 3 6 I — — — — — 28 — I I 2 — — — — — — Fin Whales Length in m. Number of females Number of males Feb. to May 1925 Oct. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Feb. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Nov. 1926 to Apr. 1927 Saldanha Bay 1926 Feb. to May 1925 Oct. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Feb. 1925 to Mar. 1926 Nov. 1926 to Apr. 1927 Saldanha Bay 1926 12 I I 13 — — — — I I — I — 5 14 — I I I 14 — 2 2 I 23 15 2 2 4 3 25 — 2 2 4 30 16 2 6 8 I 14 2 3 5 2 18 17 5 3 8 3 9 4 4 8 5 8 18 8 9 17 5 2 8 9 17 7 3 19 9 8 17 4 I 17 42 59 13 9 20 12 18 30 II 4 18 88 106 18 13 21 17 40 57 18 4 6 56 62 10 4 22 15 40 55 13 — — 4 4 I — 23 4 9 13 3 — — — — — — 24 I 3 4 — — — — ~ If one were dealing only with fully grown whales one would expect a curve con- structed in this way to resolve itself into something like a normal frequency curve, the medium-sized whales being commonest and the larger and smaller whales progressively fewer. But as young whales in several stages of growth are included in the catches, the beginning or left-hand side of the curve (representing the smaller whales) may be expected to rise more gradually, and over a greater range of size, than the right-hand BREEDING AND GROWTH 439 10- 5- 10- 5- 20- 15' < a z S . Z 0. S. GEORGIA FEB.-MAY 19J5 10 17 18 19 20 22 23 2+ 25 26 27 28 Ig 17 \S 19 20 21 22 23 2* 25 26 27^ 28 S. GEORGIA FEB.1'J25-MAR.1926 A ,, / \ ' ^ 18 17 18 LENGTH GROUPS (METRES) 19 20 21 22 23 — 1 — 24 25 20 27 — 1 — 28 Fig. 151. Blue whales. Length frequencies for different periods. Females. Males. 44° DISCOVERY REPORTS part of the curve (representing the specially large whales). This, approximately, is the result obtained among Fin whales (Fig. 153). The difference between the two maxima represents roughly the normal difference in length between the sexes. When we turn to the Blue whales we find that some of the curves are of quite an unexpected shape. In the 1926-7 season, when the majority were fully grown, the curves are of the normal type found in Fin whales with one marked apex for each sex, but in the preceding seasons the curves tend to resolve themselves into several apices 45- 40i 35 30 ■25- 20- 15 10' 5- 30- < £ L'O- > Q Z15- '10- CQ 5- s Z 0. S. GEORGIA l!lli(i-7 15 16 17 LENGTH GROUPS (METRES) Fig. 152. Blue whales {continued). Length frequencies for different periods. Females. Males. of comparatively uniform prominence. Perhaps the best example is furnished by the figures for males and females in the half-season February to May 1925. There are three maxima for each sex showing that males are commonest at 18-19 "^v 21 m. and 24 m. and less numerous at 20 m. and 22-23 '^•' ^^^ that females are more numerous at 20 m., 23 m. and 26 m. and less numerous at 21-22 m. and 24 m. In other words these whales tend to approximate to one of three different sizes which may be regarded as (i) small immature (18-19 m. in males, 20 m. in females), (2) large immature (21 m. BREEDING AND GROWTH 441 s o z; 0- 12 13 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 SALDANHA BAY 1926 1 r 12 13 LENGTH GROUPS (METRES) 7, — r, — To — T, Ts i"^^ To Ji li s ?r Fig. 153. Fin whales. Length frequencies for different periods. Females. Males. 24 442 DISCOVERY REPORTS in males, 23 m. in females), and (3) mature (24 m. in males, 26 m. in females). Again the differences between the maxima are about equal to the ordinary differences in length between the sexes. The tendency towards three dominant length groups is also to be seen in the curves for the 1925-6 season, and in the graph showing the February-May 1925 figures combined with those of season 1925-6. Although the numbers of whales on which these curves are based is small it is difficult to believe that the appearance of these length groups is due to chance, and the explanation seems to be as follows. If breeding took place regularly all the year round one would expect the young whales to appear equally at all sizes at any given time, but as breeding takes place mostly at a particular season there will be batches of 29. 28' 27H 26 25' 24' 23- 22' 21- 20- 1: 18+ 17- 10-- 15- 14- 13- 12- 11- lOH 9- 8- W7-I- BS i-6- S5' 2*" a 3' f-o. O" Zl .■<-WlNTER->-<- SUMMER ; (north) : (SOUTH females: sexual maturity at 23-7 M.' .males: sexual maturity at 22-6 M. _; .SECOND SEASON SOUTH: 21 M. (APPROX.) n rt O tJ- 000 O o r^co i^ o HI rj 00 in in ajnjBUi 38BiU3Da3jj N 00 "GO r^ O O 1 O O tn in u-j 1 CO ■'J- N ^ OsO -^O ON Os r^ in Tt- N 1 so O N 1 1 N r* M 1 00 HI 00 in S31Eq.\\ JO 'OU lEJOJ^ - M M M O •^ ri i-< o O t-i - ri rt CO in Tt- o Geo 00 in rt in •*• HI i-< in in 00 HI U-, r-x O' HI m N ro o rt fO so rt fO 00 fO . 'bi Li o o X. 3 rt (£ b" ■ ■ • October... November December January . . . February March ... November December January . . . February March ... April . . . u . . . . QJ . cn u Februa March April May June July August Septerr Octobe t2 G a C C ? 'T- u in OS M ON so N 13 >. oT .2" « rt CO o ^3 o 1- o rt C S ^ J3 o J2 rt J3 C rt T3 H O 3 3 3 o O o rt ol m m CO THE STOCK OF WHALES 457 S3SE0 jnjjqnop jo 33e \ri 1 fi « 1 N 1 1 1 - M " 1 1 t^ 1 1 ■" 1 1 1 1 1 1 -}U33J3d guiUIBLUay " 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 juEuSajd JO paiEirtio Apuaoaj -1- ^1 1 1 VI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 88 1 SI " Cl (g 'JOD JO) aSEjuaDjaj SUIJEJDE] n 1 M t^ 1 ^ I 1 m N „ N 1 1 1 1 1 1 (6 • [OD jo) aSEiuaoja J 1 M « 1 M N M « M 11 I-" M (Nt 1 II 1 1 1 M M juEuSajd N ri- o ro O -^ r^ n - -t f^ N u-1 -i- rl in in * 1 1 '0' 1 1 i^ 00 VO cd e (8 'loa JO) aSEjuaojaj ^ M M N U-) N lA r^ ^C t^ M SO II 1 1 Th ■^ ^-^ ^-' ^ SuTjsaj x^ r^ o o 00 1 <*l N 10 -^f n \o ml in 1 M 1 1 1 t^ 1 (OI 103 JO) a3E}U33J3J m in li^ IT) CO N 1 N N 1 m N 1 1 1 VO 1 ro PO ro paUIUIBXa 3J3.«. EI[E1 o r^ r^ ri M 00 « C^00 r^ M N ■t ri 00 •+ ^ rl « - - n 1 vO N 00 a -TuaS [[E q3iq.w ui "os^ " " M 1 vO NO pauauExa fa 313M. SpUBja AJEUI -uiEui q3!q.« UT -ojvj; o ^ rj- N 1-1 00 -^ in CO -"-"1 vO 00 w vO 00 paUlUIBXa 3I3M. '-333 r^ r^ N N X KH o^oo %o r^ n n ^t ri ^00 Tj- Tj- ro M « ►^ fO 1 VO ■+ 'snjain q3iqA\ ui -Of^ f^ 1 vO r^ w 3jrUEUI 'OU JEJOJ^ t^ M o ■* N ■-1 M N 0- tn «\ooo VO »o " " -^ " 1 vD ■^ rj M ajniEUimi 3Seju33j3vO in OQO r^ -^ 00 000* fOvD vO 000 \0 -^ITi 00 vO r^i> Tj-o 1 M 1 00 On in S3]EqA\ JO OU [EJOJ^ ■+ C* O "H IT) iri M c> c^ ri C?CO CN »/^ N CO m ro Ov N in ino in ■* t^ vO t^ t^ m m n r^ w h^ N M r^ :^ '~' C CO ajniEUiun aSEjuasjaj n t^t^ t^ o n '^ -^ -^ 5- 1 1 r:?g- ■* 1 1 M i-cOO Ov 00 M M f^i 00 00 NO ■* Ov CO 00 tn ajniEOI 3§ElU33J3tJ n r^ ro ro O N trvoo 000 0-00 10 00 t^ 0- N VD ^O COvO vO 1 M o-oo r^ 1 Ml - cj »n M NO W 11 11 11 l-C S3iBqM JO -OU ie;ojl „ m o^ I> tri ■^ ir^ M ro w "*• (^ N vO N 000 vO M vO r^ N ^ ■^ N ^ r'j Tf rt ■& s •o j3 bo 3 M February March ... April May October... November December January... February March ... November December January . . . February March ... April June July ... August ... September October... W .2 Hi cS C § a c -0 vO ^ u c >- o\ Ov w a c en 2 2 rt « >^ T3 rt bO CD an a c o O 8 n r^ J 3 3 3 h cn Cfi cn m 458 DISCOVERY REPORTS probability the majority of these whales normally become pregnant in alternate years, practically never in successive years, but sometimes once in three years. The low per- centage of lactating whales (i6 per cent in Blue whales and lo per cent in Fin whales) is not sufficiently accounted for by the fact that the nursing period (about eight months) is shorter than the period of gestation (ten to eleven months) and one must suppose that the mother spends much of her time with the calf away from the areas of concen- tration where the hunting is mostly carried on. The totals for South Georgia and South Africa provide now a more precise basis for comparing the two localities. Taking first the ratio of immature whales we see that whereas at South Georgia well over 50 per cent of the whales are adult the percentage of immature whales at South Africa works out at about 80 per cent for Blue males and females and Fin males and over 90 per cent in the case of Fin females. In the sub- classes of female whales the most striking difference between the two localities appears in the number of whales which had recently ovulated. Among the South Georgia whales 4 per cent of the adult female Blue whales showed indications of having recently ovulated and i per cent of the adult female Fin whales, while at South Africa 16 per cent of the Blue and 50 per cent of the Fin females were in this condition. There is a slightly higher percentage of pregnant whales at South Georgia than at Saldanha Bay. This is to be expected since the period of gestation is mostly spent' in the southward migration. The figures for lactating whales are inconclusive. It will of course be realized that some of the distinctions between the whales of the two localities are due to actual differences in distribution, such as appear in, for instance, the ratio of immature whales or the tendency towards fluctuation in the whale popula- tion, and some are due simply to the fact that different months are being compared (e.g. the diff'erent ratios of females ovulating or pregnant). The proportion of pregnant females at Saldanha Bay naturally shows a tendency to increase as the season advances (i.e. as the pairing season advances) and the percentage of immature Fin whales decreases fairly steadily. Apart from this, however, there seems to be little fluctuation in the local whale population. The observed changes in the composition of the catches at South Georgia, however, are of great importance. Reference should be made here both to the foregoing tables and to Plates XLIII and XLIV which give a "bird's-eye" view of the catches in respect of the numbers, sexes and sizes of all the Blue and Fin whales examined. In the second half of the 1924-5 season (February-May 1925) Blue and Fin whales were caught in roughly equal numbers and there was little fluctuation during these months in respect of sex or size or of the proportions of pregnant, resting, lactating whales, etc. The percentage of mature whales does not show any significant change except in the case of Blue males, where it increases from very low figures in February and March to relatively high ones in April and May. There was not much variation in the numbers of whales caught, except that during the greater part of March comparatively few were brought in. Small fluctuations like this, however, are not of great significance and are often caused by bad weather or difficulty in locating the whales. Attention should be THE STOCK OF WHALES 459 drawn to the fact that during these months there was a high percentage of immature whales, especially among Blue whales where the adults were in a minority. In the case of Blue whales very few of the adults were pregnant but a comparatively large pro- portion were lactating. Rather more Fin whales were pregnant but relatively few lactating. In the 1925-6 season far more Fin than Blue whales were taken, and fluctuations in the catches were very marked. Mention has already been made of the peculiarities of this season. Whales were very scarce in October, November and December. A few individuals, mostly large ones, were taken at the beginning of the season but they be- came more and more scarce and the Blue whales almost disappeared altogether. The weather during this period was on the whole fine and food appeared to be plentiful. Among the whales caught a rather high proportion were pregnant and several Blue and one or two Fin whales were lactating. At the end of December a change occurred in the catches which is strikingly shown in Plate XLIV. Immense numbers of Fin whales appeared in the vicinity of the island. They were found at first about seventy miles from the coast and consisted of a great majority of males of a fairly uniform size. It is worth noting that a transport ship which had recently arrived at South Georgia, had previously reported seeing great numbers of whales some hundreds of miles to the north of the island. There was at first little or no food in the stomachs of the whales caught, but later they were to be found nearer to land and seemed to be finding food. The change in the type of krill has already been commented on. During January about twice as many males as females were caught, but the proportion of females rose in February and March. At the same time the average length of the whales of both sexes declined. This was evidently due to an influx of immature whales, for the latter rose from about 10 per cent in January to about 50 per cent in March. Pregnant females declined from 61 per cent in January to 17 per cent in March, while the ratio of resting females showed a corresponding increase. Some lactating females were caught among these Fin whales, but the ratio fell very slightly during January, February and March. Few Blue whales were caught during this period, but there was a slight influx of small ones which became quite marked at the beginning of March. Pregnant and lactating Blue whales were on the whole relatively fewer than at the beginning of the season. Taking the season as a whole the majority of Fin whales were adult and the majority of Blue whales immature. This 1925-6 season may be described as a "Fin whale season". The third season at South Georgia, 1926-7, was undoubtedly a "Blue whale season". As may be seen from the chart Blue whales were in a great majority over Fin whales and were abundant during the greater part of the season. Fin whales were extremely scarce at the beginning of the season, but slightly more plentiful in January', at the end of February and beginning of March. It is true that since the whalers prefer Blue whales to Fin whales one may expect comparatively few of the latter to be caught when the former are plentiful, but this is not enough to explain the exceptionally small numbers of Fin whales taken in November and December. 26-2 46o DISCOVERY REPORTS An unusual feature of this season was that towards the end, when Blue and Fin whales seemed to become less plentiful a considerable number of Sei whales were taken. As in 1925-6 the great majority of whales of both species caught in the earlier part of the season (November to January) were adult, but the average length diminished considerably in the second half, through the appearance of large numbers of immature whales ; these came to form a majority in the catches of Blue whales and at least a fairly high proportion among the Fin whales from about February onwards. In contrast to the previous season the ratio of immature Blue whales for the whole season was reduced to 27 per cent. The proportion of pregnant females, 43 per cent, is a great increase over previous seasons. A greater proportion, 48 per cent were resting, but very few (7 per cent) were lactating. The latter were all taken in the later part of the season. There were relatively rather more immature Fin whales this season. A very high proportion of the adult females were pregnant but the percentage fell heavily in April. A moderate number were lactating in the later part of the season. The causes of the fluctuations in the catches which have been described above must now be considered. In spite of the small number of seasons over which the observa- tions have extended there are indications that certain features and fluctuations are more or less constant, while others are variable. Taking the constant features first we see from a glance at Plates XLIII and XLIV that nearly all the time the sexes are equally dis- tributed throughout the season. The only exception to this appears in the sudden influx of Fin whales in January 1926 when for a few weeks males were in a great majority. At Saldanha Bay the sexes were equally distributed through the whole season. From this it may be inferred that, in general, the sexes are evenly distributed in the whale " communities " but that in some cases a certain amount of segregation may take place. Again, when the first and second halves of a season at South Georgia are compared it is found that in the first half the catch is composed of a majority of mature whales, while in the second half there is an influx of immature whales (and perhaps a withdrawal of adults) which causes a sharp reduction in the average lengths. It is quite probable that observations over further seasons will show that this is a regular phenomenon. It is evident in both Blue and Fin whales, though perhaps more marked in the former. Reference to the tables on pp. 456 and 457 suggests that there is a tendency in each season for pregnant whales to be more numerous in the first half of the season and lactating whales in the second half. It should be noted that the lactating whales in October and November 1926 form an exception to this. Apart from the fact that immature whales have occurred in relatively greater numbers in the latter part of the season, there is an indication that of the adult whales themselves, those taken early in the season are mostly older than those taken later. In the section on the ages of whales it was shown that adult females could be divided into three age groups mainly according to the numbers of corpora lutea in their ovaries. There are not sufficient data to enable us to compare the separate months of each season in this respect, but if the three seasons are amalgamated, the majority of adult females of both THE STOCK OF WHALES 461 species are found to belong to Group 2 in October, November and December, and to Group I in the succeeding months. This is shown in the following table in which the number of whales in each group is shown for each month of the South Georgia whaling season. The group containing the majority of whales for each month is marked m heavy type. Blue Fin Group I Group 2 Group 3 Group I Group 2 Group 3 October 2 2 1 November 2 5 4 6 2 December 4 7 4 2 4 3 January 8 I 4 11 6 8 February 9 2 I 24 7 6 March 21 5 3 14 4 2 April 2 2 11 6 6 May I I I 2 The more important variable features. of the catches seem to be the result of certain mass movements of the whales which differ from year to year. There is little doubt that these movements are largely affected by meteorological conditions and in particular by the position of the icebergs and pack-ice. The distribution of whales, the meteorological and hydrological conditions, and the abundance and distribution of food, must all, in fact, be closely connected with one another. It is not within the scope of the present memoir to explore these causes very far, but in this connection it is interesting to compare the 1925-6 and the 1926-7 seasons at South Georgia. In the 1925-6 season there was a small and diminishing quantity of large whales during the first two months or so. Then there appeared a mass of Fin whales with a male vanguard apparently in search of food which they succeeded in finding at South Georgia. This community of Fin whales settled down at South Georgia but dispersed gradually as the season wore on. During this season the ice appears to have remained far south and did not, at any rate, approach the vicinity of South Georgia in any great quantity. The 1926-7 season opened with the capture of big Blue whales similar to those found at the beginning of the previous season, but instead of dispersing they remained around South Georgia in large numbers. Fin whales were scarce until reinforced by the arrival of immature ones in the latter part of the season. It has already been pointed out (p. 452) that the adult Blue whales of this season were, on the average, older than those of the previous seasons when they were less plentiful. In contrast to the preceding season the ice had drifted exceptionally far north. There were numerous icebergs in the vicinity of South Georgia and the pack-ice itself had here and there penetrated as far as and even farther north than the latitude of the island. One cannot be certain, but the circumstances seem to show that the distribution of 462 DISCOVERY REPORTS the Blue whales in these two seasons was correlated with the position of the ice. The suggestion is that a big herd of Blue whales had travelled further south than South Georgia early in the 1925-6 season, a few stragglers being caught in the first month or two, and that a herd of the same kind visited the island in the 1926-7 season. On this occasion they perhaps found the conditions they sought further north than before and thus remained in the vicinity instead of travelling further south. It has already been shown that the average age of the adult Blue females in the 1926-7 season was distinctly greater than in the 1925-6 season. A rather more definite view can now be taken of the nature of the whale population which is exploited at South Georgia. It may be suggested as a working hypothesis that it is composed partly of sections of the main stock of whales and partly of whales whose movements are influenced less by the movements of the main stock than by some other factor. One would imagine that the movements of the main "herds" (recognized by their large numbers, high average age, high proportion of pregnant whales, etc.) would be controlled mainly by the distribution of food, and the meteoro- logical conditions, and as these conditions vary from season to season the appearance of these big herds at South Georgia is also liable to vary. On the other hand, we have the whales which appear at South Georgia independently of the main stock. Among these the lactating whales are probably to be counted, for it seems probable, apart from a certain regularity in their appearance near the end of the season, that they lead a comparatively secluded life while nursing the calf, which presumably would not be strong enough to keep up with the majority of adults during the southern migration. The immature whales are perhaps the most prominent among those which appear independently of the main stock. An explanation of their appearance at South Georgia later than the majority of adults might be that being smaller they also take longer over the southern migration. Finally, there are what seem to be schools of stragglers which include many resting and rather few pregnant whales and which may yet form a considerable proportion of the whole stock of whales. These are mostly rather young whales. This view of the make-up of the whale population round South Georgia is of course to be taken as a hypothesis which must depend for its substantiation on the results of some more seasons' work at South Georgia and the analysis of statistics from past seasons. However, it is probably not far from the truth and it at least gives an adequate explanation of the catches in the three seasons during which the work has been carried on. Risting's analysis of the catches cannot be used much for comparing previous seasons in this connection as he does not indicate the fluctuations in sizes, percentage pregnant etc. from month to month, though he shows the variations in the numbers of whales through several separate seasons. It is interesting to note that, according to the above account of the fluctuations in the catches, one must suppose that during the greater part of the season the tendency is either for whales to leave South Georgia to go further south, or to arrive at South Georgia from the direction of the equator. Similarly among the catches at Saldanha THE STOCK OF WHALES 463 Bay the fat adult whales which are presumed to have recently arrived from the southerly feeding grounds, are not taken only at the beginning but well on into the middle of the season. It is true that those taken there in the latter part of the season are not so fat as those which appear earlier and it may be that some of them have started again on the southern migration, but the fact remains that the condition of the majority of these mature whales suggests that they had been recently feeding, and not on the scanty krill of the South African coast. There are two possible explanations of this state of affairs. It may be that the "north-south" migration lags behind the season so that instead of a punctual southerly migration in spring and northerly migration in autumn there is a continuous move- ment to the south through most of the summer and towards the equator through most of the winter. Or it may be that a kind of "one-way" system operates, according to which some sort of procession passes through the South Georgia area. In this case the whales which appear early in the whaling season at South Georgia would be on their way back towards the equator by some other route during the second half of the season and so on. The point, however, cannot be regarded as settled at present. Possibly both factors operate to some extent. There is, however, some indication of a return of some of the whales at the end of the South Georgia season. There was, for instance, a slight increase in the number of adult male and pregnant female Fin whales in May 1925. The adults of both sexes also showed a relative increase again in April 1927 (see tables on pp. 456 and 457). Among Blue whales also there was an indication of a return of sexually mature whales at the end of the 1924-5 season. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE WHOLE STOCK The conclusions, which have a direct effect on our knowledge of the stock, may be summarized as follows: 1. Although it has not yet been possible to make a proper comparison between the whales of the northern and southern hemispheres, records of the external characters and bodily proportions have shown that a very complete resemblance exists between the Blue and Fin whales of South Georgia and South Africa and they have revealed no definite grounds for separating any of these whales as distinct sub-species or races. The general similarity of all the whales examined suggests that it is possible for interchange to take place between the whales of different localities and for a reduced number of whales in one locality to be replenished from the population of another. In a sense this is a negative result, but it is important. 2. Among Blue and Fin whales it is a general rule that the two sexes are everywhere mixed together in roughly equal numbers, though at times a certain amount of segrega- tion may take place. Presumably less harm is done to the stock by the killing of a male than of a female and it is therefore of some importance to know that of a given number of whales killed approximately only half will be females. 464 DISCOVERY REPORTS 3. It has been shown that the ratio of immature whales among the catches is very high, and this is a point of great importance. There are two reasons why the kilHng of immature whales is economically unsound, and more than one previous author has drawn attention to them. In the first place, since an immature whale has had no chance of reproducing itself, its death constitutes, so to speak, a permanent reduction of the stock. In a community of animals, members of which are killed for commercial pur- poses, it is above all essential that the breeding should be subjected to a minimum of interference, and the killing of immature individuals is perhaps the worst form of interference with the natural replenishment of the stock. In the second place the number of immature whales required to produce a given quantity of oil and other products, would enormously exceed the required number of adult whales. At South African stations such as Saldanha Bay, where more than 80 per cent of the Blue and Fin whales caught are immature, the hunting is for these reasons far more damaging to the stock in proportion to the value of the products obtained than in South Georgia and the South Shetlands. Even at South Georgia the ratio of immature whales in the catches is undoubtedly high, amounting as it did among Blue whales of both sexes to 42 per cent of the whales examined in the course of the work. Among the Fin whales it came to the more moderate quantity of 23 per cent in the case of males and 28 per cent in the case of females. 4. The conclusions regarding the breeding season confirm and slightly adjust those reached by previous authors. Perhaps the most important point is that the whales actually engaged in pairing and parturition are not much molested by the whalers. The examination of whales at whaling stations does not throw much light on the where- abouts of the actively breeding whales. The catches at Saldanha Bay indicate that some pairing and parturition takes place off the S.W. African coast, but although there is here an immense stretch of coastal water, so few of these whales are caught that one can hardly suppose it to be the normal destination of the whales which migrate north- wards from any large community of whales in the Antarctic. It seems more probable that the breeding processes normally take place further from land, or at any rate outside the ordinary range of the land stations. It may be that the whales are more scattered at this time, but if they are at all concentrated during the periods of pairing or parturition serious damage would be done to the stock if they were to be hunted at such a time. Without any definite evidence one would expect a certain tendency towards concen- tration at least during the pairing season. The protracted period of breeding is a feature which favours the maintenance of the stock, for it implies a certain elasticity of habit and an ability to take the opportunity of pairing when it arises. 5 . The frequency of the recurrence of pregnancy is of great importance in connection with the maintenance of the stock. An element of uncertainty remains here, but it is certain that except perhaps on very rare occasions an interval of not less than two years elapses between successive pregnancies and it is highly probable that the interval THE STOCK OF WHALES 465 sometimes extends to three years. The point to be emphasized here is that, since normally only one whale is born at a time, an adult female can at the most produce only one young every two years. The rate of reproduction is thus very slow. 7. The hypothesis that gestation in these whales occupies nearly a year is confirmed and it has been shown by evidence from more than one source that the young whale grows up to sexual maturity in about two years after birth, during rather less than half of which period it is nourished by the mother. Thus the slowness of the rate of pro- pagation is to some extent counterbalanced by the rate at which the young grow to sexual maturity. The most important point is perhaps that the immature whales which can least be spared to the stock are exposed to danger for a comparatively short period. In view of this it is curious that so high a proportion of immature whales appears among the catches. The phenomenon may be largely due to differences in the distribu- tion of the adult and immature whales. 8. Owing to segregation in a greater or lesser degree, different areas may harbour communities of whales which are differently constituted in respect of age, proportions of different classes, etc. Different whaling centres must thus be examined individually when any measures for the control of the industry are considered. Further, in an area such as that of South Georgia, where the whale population undergoes funda- mental changes in the course of the season, the effect on the stock as a whole of hunting at different times of year needs to be taken into account. So far as the three seasons, over which the observations have extended, are concerned, it is not easy to say whether the killing of whales in the earlier or later part of the season has had the greater effect. On the one hand a higher percentage of pregnant females is killed in the earlier part of the season and the majority of whales are less "fat" than later on, while on the other hand many more immature whales are killed in the second half of the season. At South Africa the whale population shows little or no sign of changing during the season, and it may be supposed that whereas at South Georgia a large number of whales are exposed to danger for a short time, at South Africa a smaller number are exposed to danger for a longer time. In connection with the effect of hunting on the stock of whales it is desirable that as much as possible should be known of the composition both of local communities and of the stock as a whole, in respect of the relative numbers of the two sexes and of whales in different stages of the reproductive cycle at any given time. The analysis of the whales examined during the work, which is shown in the tables on pp. 456 and 457, may be taken as representative of the catches as a whole at South Georgia during the period over which the observations extended. But the catches at South Georgia, as already explained, are not necessarily representative of the whole stock of southern Blue and Fin whales, and a distinction must therefore be drawn between what might be called the apparent and the real constitution of the stock as a whole. KIV 27 466 DISCOVERY REPORTS The apparent constitution of the stock, i.e. the ratios of the different classes of Blue and Fin whales examined at South Georgia, is as follows: Classes Blue Fin Adult males Immature males Pregnant females ... Lactating females ... Resting or ovulating females Immature females 28% 21% 10 4 29% 15 22% 42% 13% i6| 3 32% 13 13% In contrast to the population in the S.W. African region, that at South Georgia seems to have a generalized character which suggests that it may not be very far from representing the stock as a whole. One point, however, in which it might be found to differ substantially from the real constitution of the stock is in the ratio of im- mature whales. It is difficult to believe that any community of mammals normally includes 30 per cent or 40 per cent of immature individuals. In the case of whales, among which the immature appear not to exceed two years of age, it would mean that the "expectation of life" for a whale was extraordinarily short. It must not be for- gotten, however, that the effect of hunting is to shorten the expectation of life, and that such evidence which exists as to the ages of whales does suggest that the majority are unexpectedly young. There is not sufficient data on which to base an actual estimation of the real con- stitution of the stock of southern Blue and Fin whales, but it may be hoped that future investigations will provide sufficient information for this purpose. It will then be possible to estimate the birth rate and hence the fraction of the stock which might reasonably be killed annually for commercial purposes. Future work may be profitably directed among other things to the question of the numerical equilibrium of the whole community of whales, and any enquiry into the effect of hunting must take into consideration the natural factors which limit the size of the stock. Under natural conditions it is to be supposed that in the long run the number of deaths equals the number of births. If these deaths are simply the result of the number of whales exceeding the maximum for which there is, so to speak, room (e.g. if the number is limited by, say, the amount of food available), then a number equal to the number to be born each year may be killed annually. On the other hand, if the deaths were due to causes operating independently of the size of the stock (e.g. attacks by killer whales, deaths from old age, etc.), then any deaths from hunting will add to, and not replace, the deaths from natural causes, and will therefore tend to cause depletion. The equilibrium of the stock is probably influenced by both types of factor. It will obviously be of no practical value to calculate the percentage of the whole stock which may safely be killed annually unless some kind of estimate can be made of the total number of whales in the whole community. Anything approaching an accurate SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES: SUMMARY 467 census is naturally impossible, but there are grounds for anticipating that at least some very rough approximation, sufficient for this purpose, will be achieved in due course. Among the features of the habits and general biology of Blue and Fin whales dis- cussed in this section, it would appear that some favour the survival of the stock, while others must be considered serious weaknesses. For instance, the protracted polyoestrous breeding season, the comparative immunity during the breeding processes and nursing of the young, and the rapid growth of the young to sexual maturity, are all to be re- garded with satisfaction. On the other hand, since each female can at the most produce one young every two years the rate of propagation is extremely slow. It is difficult to say whether or not the "elasticity" of the breeding season and the natural protection of the whales during the essential stages of the sexual cycle, are sufficient to counterbalance the weakness of the slow rate of propagation, but the killing of a disproportionately large number of immature whales is a separate and very serious matter. It is not the object of this memoir to discuss or recommend any definite measures by which the whaling industry should be adjusted, but rather, as a beginning, to bring forward certain facts and inferences about the biology and habits of whales which have a bearing on the efl^ect of hunting on the stock. One thing, however, is perfectly clear, and that is that in proportion to the value of the products obtained, far more damage is done to the stock in temperate and sub-tropical waters, such as at certain South African stations, than is done by the whaling stations and factory ships in the De- pendencies of the Falkland Islands. That is to say, that at these stations where some 80 per cent or more of the catches consists of lean immature whales and much of the remaining 20 per cent (or so) includes actively breeding whales, the very maximum of damage is inflicted on the stock, with practically a minimum return in respect of produce. It is not suggested that the sub-Antarctic industry has actually less effect on the stock, but here at least a relatively good return is obtained from each whale, and the catches are drawn from a much larger proportion of the classes of whales which can be spared from the stock. SUMMARY The preceding pages deal with the results of direct investigations on whales carried out at the Marine Biological Station at South Georgia and at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, from 1925 to 1927. During this period a total of 1683 whales was examined, of which 1577 consisted in almost equal numbers of Blue and Fin whales. The present memoir is concerned only with these two species. Similar work is being continued at South Georgia as there is much to be gained by the accumulation of further material. The work has been guided by three main objects: I. The determination of the characters of southern Blue and Fin whales and the 27-2 468 DISCOVERY REPORTS detection or elimination of any possible sub-specific or racial distinctions such as might be associated with distribution or migrations. 2. An investigation of the reproductive processes, breeding habits and growth. 3. The examination of the interrelations of breeding, nourishment, distribution and local fluctuations of the whales. The results of this work may be summarized as follows : By a series of measurements carried out on a large number of whales, the normal bodily proportions of southern Blue and Fin whales, and the extent to which they vary, have been defined ; and the same has been done for various external features by means of detailed descriptions of the colour, baleen, ventral grooves and hair. It has been shown in both species that no distinction can be drawn between the whales of South Georgia and South West Africa, and that there are no indications that more than one race exists together in either locality. The series of measurements, as well as the notes on external characters, provides a standard from which it will be easy to ascertain if Blue and Fin whales examined in the northern hemisphere or from any other part of the world fall within the limits of variation observed in South Georgia and on the south-west coast of Africa. Attention is drawn to certain marked changes which take place in the bodily pro- portions as the whale grows, and which, at one point, may be associated with the attain- ment of physical maturity. Leading up to the problems of breeding and growth, an account is given of the reproductive organs, of which the most important are the ovaries. It is a peculiarity of the ovaries of these whales that the corpus luteum formed at each ovulation persists in a recognizable form for a very long time, probably for years, with the result that accumulations of old corpora lutea give some indication as to the number of ovulations which may have taken place. Other conclusions to be drawn from the reproductive organs relate to the determination of sexual maturity and the progress of the sexual cycle throughout the year. It may be regarded as reasonably certain that Blue and Fin whales are polyoestrous. From an estimation of the ratios of immature whales in the catches the important fact emerges that a very high proportion of immature whales is killed. Sexual maturity is reached on the average at the following lengths : Male Blue whales Female Blue whales 22-6 m. 237 m. Male Fin whales Female Fin whales 19-4 m. 20-0 m. By application of these figures to the whales examined during the work the per- centages of immature whales are found to be as follows : Blue whales Fin whales South Georgia South Africa 42-2 82-5 9 42-2 8o-3 (J 22-3 79-0 ? 27-5 92-0 SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES: SUMMARY 469 The condition of the reproductive organs together with the gradation in the sizes of foetuses, and the mean curve of growth which can be derived therefrom, confirm the hypothesis that pairing takes place for the most part during certain months in the southern winter, reaching a pronounced maximum in June and July, and that gestation lasts for a little less than a year. It is further shown that not less than two years elapse between successive pregnancies in a whale, but that two years is probably the normal interval. An examination of the sizes of young whales at different times of year strongly suggests that the nursing period lasts for six or seven months, during which the growth of the calf is very rapid, and that sexual maturity is reached about two years after birth. This rapidity of growth is corroborated by evidence from other sources. A discussion on the ages of whales follows the question of the rate of growth. For whales less than two years old, the age can be determined from the total length by means of the curves of growth for young whales. After the attainment of sexual maturity a clue to the ages of females is to be found in the accumulations of old corpora lutea in the ovaries, and though calculations on this basis are somewhat speculative, it appears that a remarkably small proportion of the females included in the catches are more than about six years old. The study of the relations of breeding, nourishment, distribution, etc. consists partly in an investigation of the food and thickness of the whale's blubber and partly in a more general consideration of the stock of whales. At South Georgia the food, which consists entirely of Eiiphausia superba, is very plentiful, but off the African coast food is very scarce. The thickness of the blubber reflects fairly well the condition of nourishment of a whale except where it is affected by pregnancy and lactation. An analysis of the different species and "classes" of whales included in the catches reveals (o) a marked distinction between the local whale populations of South Georgia and South West Africa, and (b) a tendency for the population at South Georgia to undergo important changes both in the course of the season and from year to year. Some of these changes appear to recur annually, while others are variable and are probably to be attributed to changes in the environment and ultimately perhaps to meteorological conditions. In the last section of the memoir the practical aspects of the results are considered, and attention is drawn mainly to the following points : 1 . The general similarity of all the whales examined suggests that it is possible for a reduced number of whales in one locality to be replenished from the population of another. 2. The ratio of immature whales killed is unduly high, especially at South African stations. 3. The protracted breeding season, the freedom from molestation by man during this period, and the rapid growth to maturity all favour the maintenance of the stock. On the other hand, the very slow rate of propagation is to be set off against these points. The economic extravagance of whaling in South African waters is specially emphasized, and it is pointed out that although the industry here is on a small scale, a maximum of damage is inflicted on the stock relative to the profit obtained. 470 DISCOVERY REPORTS LIST OF LITERATURE Andrews, R. C, 1914. Monographs of the Pacific Cetacea. i. The California Grey Whale (Rhachianectes glaucus Cope). Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., new ser., vol. i, part 5, pp. 229-87, pis. 19-28, text-figs. 1-22. Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H. See Hinton, M. A. C. Bennett, A. G., 1920. The Occurrence of Diatoms on the Skin of Whales. {With an Appendix by E. W. Nelson.) Proc. Roy. See. Lend., Ser. B., vol. xci, pp. 352-57. BuRFiELD, S. T., 1912. Report of the Committee appointed to investigate the Biological Problems incidental to the Belrnullet Whaling Station. 82nd Rep. Brit. Ass., pp. 145-86, text-figs. 1-5. Cocks, A. H., 18S6. The Fimvhale Fishery of 1885 on the North European Coast. Zoologist, 3rd ser., vol. x, pp. 121-36. • ■ 1887. The Fimvhale Fishery of 1886 on the Lapland Coast. Zoologist, 3rd ser., vol. xi, pp. 207-22. 1888. The Finwhale Fishery off the Lapland Coast. Zoologist, 3rd ser., vol. xii, pp. 201-8. 1889. The Fimvhale Fishery off the Lapland Coast in 1888. Zoologist, 3rd ser., vol. xiii, pp. 281-90. 1890. The Fimvhale Fishery off the Lapland Coast in 1889. Zoologist, 3rd ser., vol. xiv, pp. 321-5. Collett, R., 1886. On the External Characters of Rudolphi's Rorqual (Balaenoptera borealis). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 243-65, pis. xxv-xxvi, text-figs. A-G. 1911-12. Cetacea. Norges Hvirveldyr. i. Norges Pattedyr. Kristiania, 191 1-12, pp. 543-722, illus. Flower, W. H., 1864. Notes on the Skeletons of Whales in the principal Museums of Holland and Belgium, with descriptions of tzvo species apparently new to science. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 384-420, text-figs. 1-17. GoODALL, T. B., 1913. With the Whalers at Durban, and afezv notes on the Anatomy of the Humpback Whale (Megaptera boops). Zoologist, 4th ser., vol. xvii, pp. 201-11, pi. i. Goldberg, G., 1886. Zur Biologic der Nordatlantischen Fimvalarten. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 2, pp. 127-74. 1886. Bidrag til Cetacernes Biologi. Om forplantningen og draegtigheden hos de nordatlantiske barde- hvaler. Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist., 1886, pp. 1-56. Haldane, R. C, 1904. Whaling in Shetland. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. 74-7. 1905. Notes on Whaling in Shetland, 1904. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. 65-72, pi. 3, one text-fig. 1907- Whaling in Scotland. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. 10-15, P'- i- 1908. Whaling in Scotland for 1907. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. 65-72. 1909. Whaling in Scotland for 1908. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. 65-9. 1910. Whaling in Scotland for 1909. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., pp. i, 2. Hamilton, J. E., 1914. Report of the Committee appointed to investigate the Biological Problems incidental to the BelmuUet Whaling Station. 84th Rep. Brit. Ass., pp. 125-61, pis. 3, 4, text-figs, i, 2. 1915- Report of the Committee appointed to investigate the Biological Problems incidental to the Belrnullet Whaling Station. 85th Rep. Brit. Ass., pp. 124-46, text-figs. 1-4. Harmer, S. F., 1923. On the Cervical Vertebrae of a Gigantic Blue Whale from Panama. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1923, pp. 1085-9, text-fig. i. 1928. The History of Whaling. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1928, pp. 51-95. Hinton, M. A. C, 1925. Report on the papers left by the late Major Barrett-Hamilton, relating to the whales of South Georgia. Crown Agents for the Colonies. London, 1925, pp. 57-209. Japha, A., 1911. Die Haare der Waltiere. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat.,xxxn, pp. 1-42, text-figs. A-D, pis. 1-3. LiLLiE, D. G., 1910. Observations on the Anatomy and General Biology of some members of the larger Cetacea. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, pp. 769-92, pi. lxxiv, text-figs. 69-78. 1915- Cetacea. British Antarctic ("Terra Nova") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, vol. I, no. 3, pp. 85-124, pis. 1-8, text-figs. 1-14. Long, J. A. and Evans, H. M., 1922. 'The Oestrous Cycle in the Rat and its associated phenomena. Mem. Univ. Calif., 6, pp. 1-148, 11 pis., 7 text-figs. LIST OF LITERATURE 47i Marshall, F. H. A., 1922. The Physiology of Reproduction. London. Meek, A., 1918. The Reproductive Organs of Cctacea. J. Anat. Lond., vol. lii, pp. 186-210, text-figs. 1-15. Nelson, E. W., 1920. See Bennett, A. G. Olsen, 0., 1913. On the External Characters and Biology of Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera brydei), a new Rorqual from the Coast of South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, pp. 1073-90, pis. CIX-CXIII. 1914-15- Hvaler og hvalfangst i Sydafrika. Bergens Mus. Aarb., Nr. 5, pp. 1-56, pi. i , text-figs. 1-21 . ■ 1926. Brydes hval. Norsk. Hvalfangsttid., No. 6, 1926, pp. 82-90, illus. Owen, R., 1853. Descrip. Cat. Osteol. Series. Mus. Roy. Coll. Surgeons, London, vol. 11, p. 440. Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Research and Development in the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands. Cmd. 657, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1920, pp. 1-164. Report of the Committee appointed by the Fishery Board for Scotland to enquire into the Scottish Whaling Industry. H.M. Stationery Office, Edinburgh, 1920, pp. 1-16, 2 plans. RiSTiNG, S., 1912. Knolhvalen. Norsk. Fisk. Tid., 1912, vol. xxxi, pp. 437-49. text-figs. 1-5. 1928. Whales and whale foetuses. Statistics of catch and measurement collected from the Norwegian Whalers* Association, 1922-5. Rapp. Cons. Explor. Mer., vol. l, pp. 1-122, text-figs. 1-30. Sars, G. O., 1865. Beskrivelse af en ved Lofoten indbjerget Rorhval (Balaenoptera musculus Companyo). Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist., 1865, pp. 266-95, P's- i-3- 1878. Bidrag til en noiere Characteristik af vore Bardchvaler. Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist., 1878, pp. i-i9,pls. 1-3. 1880. Fortsatte Bidrag til Kundskabcu om vore Bardchvaler. Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist., 1880, pp. 1-20, pis. 1-3. ScoRESBY, W., 1820. An Account of the Arctic Regions. Edinburgh. Thompson, D'Arcy W., 1918. On Whales landed at the Scottish Whaling Stations, especially during the years 1908-1914. Parts II and III. The Sperm Whale and the Blue Whale. Scot. Nat., 1918, pp. 221-37, figs. 2-6. 1919. On Whales landed at the Scottish Whaling Stations, especially during the years 1908-1914. Parts IV to VI. The Bottlenose, Humpback, and Finner Whales. Scot. Nat., 1919, pp. 1-16, figs. 7-13. 1928. On Whales landed at the Scottish Whaling Stations during the years 1908-1914 and 1920-1927. Fisheries, Scotland, Sci. Invest., 1928, ni, 40 pp., 16 figs. True, F. W., 1904. The Whalebone Whales of the Western North Atlantic compared with those occurring in European waters, with some observations on the species of the North Pacific. Smithson. Contr. Knowl., vol. xxxin, pp. 1-332, pis. 1-50, text-figs. 1-97. Tullberg, T., 1883. Bau und Entwicklung der Barten bei Balaenoptera sibbaldii. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal., ser. iii, vol. xi, fasc. 2, pp. 1-36, pis. 1-7. Turner, W., 1870-1 . On the Gravid Uterus and arrangement of the Foetal Membranes in the Cetacea. Trans. ' Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxvi, pp. 467-504, pis. xvii, xvni, text illus. 472 DISCOVERY REPORTS APPENDIX I A NOTE ON THE COMPOSITION OF WHALE MILK By a. J. CLOWES, A.R.C.S., M.Sc. During my stay at South Georgia it was found possible to take three samples of cetacean milk and analyse these for fat, total solids, solids not fat, specific gravity and ash. The difficulties of correct sampling of whale milk are great, and if the milk is obtained by dissection of the mammary glands, blubber oil and blood are apt to contaminate the sample of milk. When, however, lactating whales are hauled upon the flensing " plan " of the whaling station, the increased strain upon the milk reservoirs usually causes the milk to spout from the nipples and in this manner clean samples of milk can be secured. No blood or blubber-fat is included in the milk samples taken from the whale in this way, which was adopted in sampling the three milks examined by me, and I venture to suggest that these samples were taken under better conditions than those of the other known analyses of whale milk which will be referred to later. The whales from which the samples at South Georgia were taken were all freshly killed, and indeed in the case of one of the samples. Fin whale No. 563, the whole analytical weighings and the results, with the exception of the ash content, were completed within a period of four to five hours of the death of the whale. In sampling the milk of any mammal the sample should represent the average contents of the milk reservoir, if it is to be regarded as representative of the milk of that mammal. It has to be borne in mind, however, that the milk is sometimes not of uniform composition, and that the cream rises in the milk reservoir in the same way as it does in milk after removal from the animal. In the case of milk drawn from the cow, for instance, the " fore-milk " first drawn from the lower part of the udder may contain only 17 per cent of fat, while the " stoppings ", last drawn from the udder, at the same milking may contain 4-10 per cent of fat. A representative sample of such a milking could only be obtained by thorough mixing of the "strippings" with the whole of the remainder of the milking. It is probable that the milk of whales, being thick and creamy, will not vary in composition in different parts of the mammary gland to the same extent as cows' milk. It is possible, however, that the milk extruded from the nipples during handling of the whale may be different from that remaining in the mammary glands, and that neither the extruded milk nor the milk dissected from the mammary gland, especially if this is only a small portion of its contents, can be re- garded strictly as representative of whale milk. The variations in the results obtained by the analysis of whale milk are probably largely due to the difficulty of obtaining a representative average sample. Variations also probably occur due to seasonal effects or to the period of lactation. It is to be noted that these samples taken at South Georgia were not analysed after preservation with formalin, as was the case with other known analyses. Formalin has a disadvantage in that it combines with the protein matter in milk and makes it much THE COMPOSITION OF WHALE MILK 473 more difficult for the hydrochloric acid, which is added in the fat analysis, to break up the protein masses which occlude the fat globules, and in this way the result for the fat content is liable to be too low in a formalin-preserved sample. The usual routine analyses for milk were employed, the Werner-Schmid process being used for the fat content analysis. A summarized account of the methods is given later. The following results were obtained at South Georgia : South Georgian whales (results expressed as percentages) Whale No. ... 563 244 642 Species Fin Blue Blue Water Fat Albuminoids... 54-19 30-20 50-52 34-62 41-62 36-59 Milk sugar ... — — — Ash Total solids . . . 1-43 45-81 1-43 49-48 58-38 Specific gravity Solids not fat 1-0254 15-61 1-0160 14-86 I -0090 21-79 Comparison of the above three analyses may be made with the following results, which represent all the cetacean milk analyses I have been able to find in the literature : Results taken from other observers' papers (results are percentages) I 2 3 4 Delphinus phocaena Globicephalus melas Blue whale Whalebone whale Water Fat Albuminoids . . . Milk sugar . . . Ash Total solids . . . Specific gravity Solids not fat 41-11 45-80 11-19 1-33 (■') 0-57 58-89 13-09 48-67 43-76 } 7-57 0-46 51-33 7'57 60-47 20-00 12-42 5-63 1-48 39-53 19-53 69-So 19-40 9-43 0-38 0-99 30-20 10-80 1. Porpoise, Delphinus phocaena, T. Purdie, Chem. News, vol. 52, p. 170, 1885. 2. Bottle-Nose whale, Ghbicephahis melas, Frankland and Ilambly, Chem. Neivs, vol. 61, p. 63, 1890. 3. Blue whale, Balacnoptera sihbaldi, Backhaus, Molkerei Zeit., Berlin, vol. 14, p. 481, 1904. 4. Bartenwal (Whalebone whale), Schreibe, Miinchener Mediz. Wochenschrift, vol. 55, p. 795, 1908. High percentages for the fat and the solids not fat are immediately noticed in both sets of figures. Cetaceans have a large amount of blubber tissue to keep up the blood heat and form a reserve of combustible material for times when intensive feeding has ceased and foodstuffs are absent ; and presumably the richness of cetacean milk in fat and solids not fat is entirely due to the needs of the young calf for food with a high fat and sugar content. It will be observed that in the results from South Georgia the 474 DISCOVERY REPORTS percentage of fat is much higher than in the Blue whale and Bartenwal results given by Backhaus and Schreibe respectively. This may point to a fundamental difference in the composition of the milk of northern rorquals from southern ones, or be due to physiological differences of the individual whales from which the samples were taken, or again to errors incidental to sampling or analysis. It has been previously pointed out in this note that the addition of formalin inhibits the breaking up of the protein masses which occlude the fat globules and so tends to produce a low milk-fat result for a formalin-preserved sample. Also Backhaus and Schreibe state that their samples were (i) of a reddish tinge, (ii) slightly red colour, which points to a dilution of the milk sample by blood. However, it is obviously impossible to comment at length on such a small number of analyses. One very striking difference occurs in the milk-sugar figures of the Blue whale of Backhaus and the Bartenwal of Schreibe. In the former the percentage of milk-sugar is 5-63, whilst in the latter it is 0-38, which latter figure points to the supposition that the sample was not taken from a freshly killed whale, as stated by Schreibe, and decom- position of the milk-sugar has occurred, giving a low figure for this estimation and consequently too high a figure for the water content. The milk-fat is described by Backhaus as non-solid at ordinary temperatures and water-clear in colour. Schreibe describes it as yellowish, whilst I should describe it as decidedly solid at ordinary temperatures and whitish in colour with a very faint yellow tinge. At South Georgia, some whale milk was shaken up and the resulting "butter" resembled soft lard in appearance and colour. The following is a brief resume of the methods used at South Georgia in the analysis of whale milk. Specific gravity . By specific gravity bottle at 15-5° C. Total solids. 5 c.c. of the well-mixed sample were weighed out into a porcelain dish and I c.c. of acetone added. The milk was evaporated to dryness on a steam bath and was then dried to constant weight in a steam oven. Ash. The residue from the total solids estimation was gently ignited and the ash cooled and weighed. Fat content. Werner-Schmid process. About 10 c.c. of well-mixed milk were weighed out into a flat-bottomed graduated tube fitted with a cork. 10 c.c. of con- centrated hydrochloric acid were added and the tube and its contents were heated in a water bath at about 60° C. for ten minutes, with constant shaking. The tube was then rapidly cooled by immersion under running cold water. 30 c.c. of alcohol-free ether were then added. The cork was then inserted and the tube shaken vigorously for two minutes. When separation into two layers had occurred the ether layer was blown over into a weighed flask. The ether extraction was repeated three times, with 20 c.c. of ether each time. The ether was then distilled off on a hot-water bath and the flask containing the milk-fat was dried in a steam oven until constant in weight. The fat was then re- THE COMPOSITION OF WHALE MILK 475 dissolved with ether and the flask again dried and weighed. The diff'erence in weight gave the amount of fat present. Water. Estimated by difference. The percentage of total solids is subtracted from 100 and the diff'erence is the percentage of water. Solids not fat. Obtained by subtracting the fat percentage from the total solids percentage. 88-2 476 DISCOVERY REPORTS APPENDIX II A NOTE ON THE OIL CONTENT OF BLUBBER By a. J. CLOWES, A.R.C.S., M.Sc. This investigation was made in order to see if there was any variation in the fat content of whale blubber throughout the season, which variation, if present, might be taken as some indication of the condition of the whale. It is well known that the blubber on a whale varies in thickness in different parts of the whale, being thickest behind the dorsal fin and thinnest on the back behind the head, but whether the actual oil content (ex- pressed as percentage by weight) varies in different positions is not known. In all the experiments made the blubber was always cut from the same position on the whale as described below. A piece of blubber, roughly measuring a six-inch cube, was cut from the flank opposite the tip of the dorsal fin. This place was used in "thickness" measurements. Two parallel strips, about 5 cm. long and i square cm. in cross-section, were cut from this cube of blubber with the aid of a razor and then weighed and placed in a weighed soxhlet extraction thimble. The sections were always taken from the skin inwards, the skin being trimmed off before the strip of blubber was weighed. All handling of blubber was done with forceps and no attempt was made to wipe off free oil. The method used was one of continuous extraction of the blubber by carbon tetra- chloride in a soxhlet apparatus. Carbon tetrachloride was chosen because in addition to the primary object of dissolving fat, it was more easy to recover than petroleum- ether, or other solvents. Carbon tetrachloride extract may be regarded as synonymous with fat content, although a small amount of substances other than true fats are extracted with the fat. It was considered that as the investigation was to be made on a number of whales, this would not matter for the comparative result which was desired. The strips of blubber, after being cut and weighed in the soxhlet thimble, were placed on a glass dish and cut into thin sections by means of a razor and forceps. This was done in order to accelerate the penetration of the cells of the blubber by the solvent. Any oil liberated during this process was washed into the soxhlet flask with carbon tetrachloride. The same procedure was adopted in all experiments made and by this means the experi- mental error was cut down to a constant minimum. The following figures from a preliminary test give some indication of the amount of oil extracted each two hours over a period of ten hours' constant extraction. Weight of sample of blubber = 5-7920 grm. Oil extracted: In ist two hours 3-9024 grm. In 3rd two hours 0-1718 grm. In 2nd two hours 0-3955 grm. In 4th two hours 0-0572 grm. In 5th two hours 0-0146 grm. THE OIL CONTENT OF BLUBBER 477 It can be seen that the bulk of the oil is extracted in the first two hours, but even so, at the end of ten hours there is still some oil left in the blubber. For this reason a standard time of six hours was adopted in all experiments. Extraction was allowed to proceed for six hours on a water bath, the soxhlet syphon operating about once every four minutes . At the end of the first three hours the flask of the soxhlet apparatus was changed for another weighed one containing a fresh quantity of carbon tetrachloride. After six hours' extraction the soxhlet flask was removed immediately after the syphon had operated. The carbon tetrachloride was then distilled off and the flasks were dried in an air oven at 90-100° C. for three hours and then weighed. Duplicate experiments on strips of blubber cut side by side were made in some cases, but in no case did the two results agree to within 2 per cent, results being expressed as the percentage of the weight of oil extracted in six hours to the total weight of the sample. With regard to the disparity in the results obtained in the duplicate experiments it must be assumed that either the error of sampling is great or else the blubber varies in composition from one place to another i cm. away. It is admitted that the error of sampling may be high, but as the same procedure was adopted in all cases it is unlikely that the discrepancy is due solely to this cause. The following results were obtained : Whale number Species Sex Oil extracted in six hours -f- weight of sample 249 256 Blue Blue Male Male 77-16 % 73-69 % 257 264* 263t Fin Fin Fin Female Female Female 76-93 % S^J^?:^;}- 72-76% average 88-09 % 269! Fin Male U 'J^-lD = 38-63 % average 259 270 Blue Blue Female Female 70-47 % * Reported by Zoologists as "very lean whale", •f Reported by Zoologists as "very fat whale". J Reported by Zoologists as "very fibrous whale". Sections of the blubber of all the whales in these experiments were made by Mr Wheeler, and these were stained with resorcin fuchsin. Very little correlation could be established between the microscopical examination of these sections and the corresponding oil content figures. Messrs Mackintosh and Wheeler report from an examination of a large number of whales at South Georgia the presence of numerous white flecks or marks on the skin of the whale. These white marks are discussed on p. 373, where it is shown that they are scars resulting from injuries received by the whale. 478 DISCOVERY REPORTS A hand-cut section of blubber was made through one of the scars and stained with Sudan III. The section was photographed and is shown in Plate XXXVII, fig. 3. This photograph demonstrates very clearly the presence of a large number of fibres which radiate downwards and sideways from the white mark on the skin. In some whales it would be impossible to sample the blubber without including some of these fibres, and consequently it can be seen that the whole method of sampling is liable to grave errors, as the presence or absence of these fibres undoubtedly has a very large influence on the oil content of blubber. It seems, therefore, that the results obtained by chemical investigation depend largely on the presence of fibre in the blubber and cannot be taken as an index of blubber condition. APPENDIX III MEASUREMENTS OF BODILY PROPORTIONS All measurements are in metres 48o DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1^ p'.C. £ a I c 2.L n Date Sex 11 .-0 3 la 4^ OJ 3^ , 48 Female 21-45 — 3-8o 4-14 4-20 8-95 1-13 5-51 1-12 6-35 25 „ 49 Female 20-27 — 3-50 3-90 4-05 9-00 i-io 5-00 1-18 595 25 „ 50 Female 18-21 — 2-80 3-00 7-00 0-9S 5-00 1-05 6-00 25 „ 52 Female 26-20 — S-io 5-45 5-62 11-50 1-40 6-50 1-25 7-70 26 „ S3 Male 1860 — 3-35 3-65 3-68 7-90 — — o-go 5-15 26 „ 54 Female 26-20 — 4-90 — 5-30 11-25 1-32 6-15 1-30 7-45 26 „ 55 Female 22-15 — 4-00 4-28 4-57 9-10 115 5-75 1-30 6-65 28 „ 60 Female 20-50 0-30 3-35 4-10 4-20 8-90 i-ii S-10 i-io 5-90 2 March 72 Male 21-70 0-3S 4-00 4-40 4-5° 9-30 1-24 5-30 1-20 6-50 4 „ 81 Female 19-85 — 3-30 3-70 3-75 8-50 I -00 5-55 1-25 6-30 4 .. 82 Male 25-45 — 5-10 5-25 5-40 10-90 1-35 6-25 1-30 7-35 10 8S Male 20-10 — 3-50 — 3-90 8-45 I -08 5-20 l-IO 6-20 12 ,, 87 Male 22-05 — 4-40 4-65 4-80 980 1-26 5-56 i-i8 6-40 12 „ 88 Female 23-85 — 5-00 5-20 10-74 1-38 6-10 1-18 6-78 13 „ 89 Female 20-80 — — — — 1-15 6-55 13 90 Female 21-40 — 3-60 4-05 4-20 8-8o 1-15 5-40 1-20 6-56 13 91 Male 21-40 — 3-70 4-20 4-25 9-20 1-14 5-40 1-30 6-40 13 „ 92 Male 23-20 — 4-15 — 4-60 10-30 1-25 6-10 1-35 6-50 13 93 Male 20-40 0-32 3-60 4-10 4-10 8-70 1-05 — 1-20 6-60 16 „ 95 Male 18-80 3-15 3-45 3-60 7-75 1-00 4-68 1-00 S-50 20 ,, 98 Male 19-50 0-30 3-00 3-45 3-60 790 1-17 — 112 6-40 21 ,, 99 Female 19-90 — 450 4-80 4-8o 8-45 — i-io- 6-00 21 ,, 102 Male 19-90 — — 3-70 3-75 8-45 — — 110 5-80 21 „ 103 Female 23-70 — 4-40 4-97 5-00 10-80 1-34 5-70 1-35 7-45 23 „ 104 Female 26-95 — 510 5-50 5-60 11-60 1-50 6-70 1-50 7-gO 23 106 Female 26-70 — 5-10 — 5-65 11-80 I-S3 — 1-50 8-10 23 107 Male 21-30 — 3-35 3-60 3-60 7-30 1-03 — I-IO 615 23 „ 108 Female 24-13 — 460 — 4-80 10-20 1-30 6-20 1-20 7-10 23 „ 109 Male 17-60 — 2-80 3-30 3-35 7-10 0-90 4-S0 0-96 5-45 23 „ no Male 19-40 — 3-00 — 3-40 7-55 — — I -00 6-40 23 » 112 Female 27-10 — 5-30 5-40 5-55 I2-00 1-50 630 I-50 7-90 24 .. 113 Male 23-80 — 4-60 4-90 4-95 I I -00 1-37 590 1-35 6-95 25 ,. "5 Male 22-IO — 3-70 4-10 4-20 9-05 1-16 5-45 1-30 6-65 25 ., 116 Male 19-30 — 3-20 3-72 3-77 8-10 1-15 4-68 0-94 5-48 25 ,. 117 Male 23-40 — 3-90 — 4-60 9-30 — — 1-35 7-10 26 „ 122 Female 24-70 — 4-55 — 5-15 1 I 00 1-38 6-15 1-30 7-30 26 „ 123 Female 26-10 — — — 5-59 11-55 1-45 — 1-35 7-70 27 ■, 124 Female 24-40 — 4-50 — 5-45 10-80 1-31 — 1-30 7-45 27 „ 125 Male 19-90 — 3-10 — 3-50 7-90 1-03 5-13 1-05 6-00 27 >. 126 Male 22-35 4-58 1-25 7-90 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 481 n 12 13 14 15 16 17 i8 19 20 21 22 23 24 ^ n T3 2 11 Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres u > i S-£f M C m 1 D. D Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border to u .S-a -o-.S- u Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla s fa's X. ac - n 8-8o 8-30 1-20 0-27 I -00 2-10 2-60 372 0-68 4-75 2-40 — — — 8-20 o-8o — 2-15 2-50 — 0-60 3-50 — — 8-40 8-00 1-35 0-25 0-85 1-75 2-25 2-50 0-67 4-55 2-00 — — 920 8-45 0-50 0-20 0-65 1-95 2-55 2-65 0-65 — — — 9-50 950 0-4S 0-30 0-85 1-80 2-57 2-75 0-70 4-40 2-IS — — — 2-00 1-70 1-75 0-45 4-90 2-47 — 11-30 10-40 I '55 0-33 i-oo 2-80 3-48 3-62 095 7-10 3-04 — 11-70 10-85 0-60 0-17 0-80 2-70 2-87 3-10 0-90 650 3-50 — 1 1-50 10-13 0-63 0-23 0-82 260 3-40 3-60 0-92 670 — 10-85 10-50 0-67 030 1-25 3-55 — 6-34 ~ ■"" 9-90 — I-IO 0-13 — 2-IS 2-43 2-60 076 — — — — — 8-55 8-10 0-25 0-25 0-80 1-85 2-53 2-80 0-75 415 2-25 9-75 950 o-8i 0-20 0-90 2-20 2-80 2-88 0-75 5-23 2-40 10-20 965 1-70 0-27 I-IO 2-15 2-80 2-90 0-80 3-45 3-54 8-75 0-60 0-28 0-65 1-70 2-30 2-45 0-60 4-30 2-30 10-50 965 I -80 — 0-88 2-40 3-00 3-10 0-90 5-70 2-70 10-15 9-90 0-55 — I-oo — — — — 925 8-76 0-60 — 0-70 2-10 2-40 2-55 0-76 — IO-35 955 0-5S 0-25 0-90 2-35 3-30 3-40 0-90 5-80 2-70 920 0-70 0-25 0-70 1-81 2-40 2-50 0-68 590 2-20 9-88 9-35 0-55 0-40 1-30 1-91 2-55 2-60 0-75 5-25 2-70 — — — 9-22 8-65 0-48 0-20 o-SS 1-90 2-80 2-90 0-80 8-95 8-75 0-4S O-20 0-65 1-75 2-55 2-65 065 — 11-98 11-40 0-5S 0-27 I-oo 2-58 3-55 3-80 092 6-84 3-40 ■ — — 0-65 — 1-84 2-53 2-65 0-74 4-60 2-00 11-50 10-70 0-70 0-2S 0-80 2-10 3-20 3-44 I-oo 7-00 2-90 10-40 950 0-55 0-22 0-75 1-50 — — 5-50 9-5° 8-85 0-50 0-30 0-90 2-15 2-55 2-75 0-70 5-IO 2-35 10-20 9-40 1-20 0-25 0-90 2-10 — — — 5-40 2-34 9-70 9-10 0-45 0-32 1-06 2-05 2-80 3-00 0-79 4-60 2-25 1-90 11-60 10-70 I -95 115 2-30 — — — — — — 2-30 1-98 935 8-80 1-50 0-32 I-oo 2-05 2-8o 2-95 0-78 5-00 2-20 10-00 9'IS 1-40 0-25 0-90 2-90 3-08 0-85 5 90 2-80 2-20 lo-SS 1005 0-59 0-29 0-98 2-SS 3-32 3-48 0-94 6-30 4-80 2-20 9-55 — 0-60 — 2-70 2-75 0-75 2-20 9-80 9-30 0-50 0-24 080 2-00 2-85 2-97 0-65 5-IO 2-36 9-80 10-25 9-10 10-00 1-20 1-50 0-27 0'35 0-90 0-80 2-20 2-30 2-90 2-95 0-85 5-3° 6-10 2-25 2-60 — — 2-15 2-45 9'50 — 1-05 — 1-90 2-80 2-90 0-72 4-70 2-20 9-00 8-45 1-30 0-27 0-55 1-75 2-35 2-45 0-68 450 2-OS 1-70 9-65 0-90 0-70 1-90 2-60 2-65 0-72 4-30 2-IO 2-16 — — — g-60 — 0-65 — 1-90 2-37 2-48 0-68 4-70 9-10 0-85 — — — 0-72 4-70 2-20 10-70 11-90 12-30 11-05 0-4S 0-7S 0-45 0-49 0-23 I-I5 0-9S 2-50 2-20 2-50 3-05 3-65 323 3-80 0-87 I-oo 6-35 7-00 6-80 2-95 3-10 3-10 — — 930 — 0-80 — 1-30 2-40 2-40 0-68 4-50 2-20 2-80 11-30 10-30 0-65 039 0-87 3-10 3-30 0-84 5-05 2-45 1-80 S-60 7-90 1-20 0-24 0-58 1-70 — 9-70 I-7S 2-60 2-65 0-60 4-10 2-10 12-05 9-10 0-52 0-26 0-66 3-00 4-25 4-30 1-05 — — — — 2-34 10-40 9-70 I -57 0-40 I-oo 2-40 3-30 3-50 0-88 615 3-00 2-50 10-45 8-90 g-80 8-50 1-25 1-52 0-32 0-25 0-80 0-85 215 1-80 2-55 2-67 0-77 0-67 530 2-55 — — 2-25 1-60 10-65 — I -00 2-20 — — — 5-70 3-00 11-00 10-40 0-50 — 1-20 2-70 — — 2-98 if35 0-65 — o'9S 3-50 3-65 — 6-90 11-40 955 9-05 0-75 1-40 0-9S 0-26 0-29 0-80 0-85 1-85 3-60 3-02 3-95 3-25 0-98 0-80 6-30 5-65 2-79 2-23 — — 1-95 29 482 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u a, s u c g U 1- ^- rt Date 03 S Sex il a" .-a 3 ., ^ 4) 3 a S'^ -M 4> 3 >■ 3 u -5 3 0= Z 5 cJi c '^ Cu^ c Si rt 'og-S ■^c U-. V ■ — . >. w tA<^ M tA -45 28 131 Female 20-70 — — — 3-95 — — — — 28 „ 132 Female 2I'IO — 3-60 4-00 4-10 9-05 I-IO — 1-20 6-10 28 „ 135 Female 17-90 — — — 3-50 7-65 — — 1-05 5-55 30 .. 136 Female 22-80 — 3-85 4-31 4-55 9-70 1-20 6-02 1-15 6-90 30 141 Female 25-80 — 4-73 S-35 11-40 1-37 6-95 1-45 7-60 30 .. 142 Female 23-90 — 4-57 4-72 4-91 10-45 1-38 6-10 1-35 7-50 30 „ 143 Male 21-97 — 3-80 — 4-36 9-44 I-I4 5-55 i-io 6-40 30 145 Male 22-4S — 3-74 4-00 4-25 8-85 I-I8 6-00 1-20 7-10 30 146 Male 21-25 — 3-80 4-08 4-17 8-70 I-I6 6-14 I -20 6-65 31 147 Female 26-30 — 4-80 — 5 -40 11-15 1-45 6-83 1-43 7-80 31 148 Male 24-50 — 4-48 — 5-02 10-60 1-42 6-48 1-41 7-52 31 149 Female 25-50 — 4-34 5-13 5-30 11-23 1-42 — 1-29 7-39 31 150 Female 23-90 — 4-74 — 5-22 10-79 — s-65 1-28 6-87 31 151 Female 22-30 — 3-90 4-38 4-48 9-50 — 1-20 6-70 I April 153 Female 20-40 — 3-15 3-60 3-55 8-20 1-18 5-30 1-05 6-00 I 1. 154 Female 25-50 — 4-70 — 5-25 11-05 1-34 5-80 1-30 710 2 „ 156 Male 24-10 — 4-60 — 5-27 11-00 1-30 1-30 6-87 2 ,, 157 Male 24-90 — 4-55 — 5-10 10-55 1-47 5-88 i-i8 6-54 2 160 Male 21-20 — 3-60 4-05 4-15 9 -00 1-16 5-35 1-05 6-30 3 .. 167 Female 19-55 — 3-00 3-47 3-55 7-85 0-91 S-18 i-io 603 4 ,, 170 Male I8-4S — 3-00 3-27 3-27 7-SS — 0-90 5-25 d ., 171 Male 24-70 — 4-95 5-26 5-39 11-25 1-34 — 1-13 7-00 6 ,. 172 Female 19-55 0-27 3-08 3-45 3-55 7-90 I 05 4-85 I-IO 617 13 >. 182 Male 21-60 — 3-75 4-14 4-28 9-40 I-I7 5-30 1-20 6-55 13 .. 184 Female 26-30 — S-io 5-60 12-00 1-45 7-35 14 .. 191 Female 23-60 — 4-25 — 4-96 10-40 1-20 — 1-40 7-15 16 „ 199 Male 25-10 — 5-15 5-33 1 1-30 — — 1-22 6-90 18 „ 202 Male 24-50 — 4-83 5-37 10-95 1-48 5-77 1-25 6-98 18 „ 204 Female 18-39 — 3-24 3-76 3-80 7-55 I -00 4-60 0-95 5-47 20 ,, 20s Female 24-07 — — — — — — I-18 6-75 20 „ 209 Female 23-00 — 4-10 — 4-75 10-16 1-30 5-80 1-08 6-92 21 ,, 211 Male 24-80 — 4-42 — 5-03 10-70 — I -20 — 21 212 Male 22-25 — 4-00 — 4-58 9-70 1-30 s-56 1-25 6-25 21 ,, 215 Female 20-15 — — 3-85 3-90 8-60 I-IO 610 21 ,, 216 Female 20-30 — 3-60 4-08 4-18 8-30 1-07 — 6-03 29 ,■ 220 Female 19-65 — 3-45 3-88 4-00 8-60 1-07 — 1-07 5 -84 30 „ 221 Male 25-83 — — — — — — 1-30 • — 3° .> 224 Male 21-50 — 3-72 — 4-20 9-15 1-18 s-37 1-06 6-17 I May 226 Female 25-75 — 4-74 — S-32 11-37 1-42 6-36 1-30 7-50 4 ,. 232 Male 24-90 — 4-75 — 5-20 10-87 1-38 6-22 I-I5 7-36 4 ., 234 Female 25-00 — 5-40 — 5-66 11-50 1-37 6-00 1-20 7-02 4 >. 235 Male 18-05 — 3-24 3-56 3-56 7-60 I -00 4-30 0-93 5-30 8 ,, 239 Female 27-15 — 4-90 5-70 11-37 — 8-28 1 1 ,, 240 Male 24-00 — — — — — — — 1-29 6-53 1 1 241 Female 26-60 5-00 — 5 -40 12-00 1-48 6-28 1-45 7-65 15 Oct. 242 Female 25-90 — 4-85 5-47 5-55 ii-go 1-53 6-08 1-37 7-80 20 „ 243 Male 24-45 — 4-70 4-95 5-05 10-87 1-43 5-70 1-44 7-00 20 ,, 244 Female 26-37 0-43 4-95 5-55 11-47 6-55 1-60 7-60 20 ,, 245 Male 20-80 — 3-75 — 4-20 8-75 — 1-12 60S 21 248 Female 16-25 — 2-03 2-28 2-47 6-14 0-75 — 0-90 5-50 24 .. 249 Male 19-10 — 3-15 3-50 7-90 I -00 5-10 I -00 5-65 24 .. 250 Female 27-20 — 5-20 5-60 11-45 1-38 6-6o 1-35 7-50 27 „ 253 Female 25-40 — 490 5-60 11-30 1-23 6-00 1-40 7-45 27 ,. 254 Female 25-70 — 4-50 4-90 5-17 10-75 — — 1-33 7-00 28 ,, 256 Male 24-40 — 4-90 5-15 II-OO — 5-85 1-37 7-05 29 ,. 258 Female 24-84 — 3-96 — 4-93 10-90 I -54 5-88 1-28 7-10 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 483 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 t^ A -0 ^^ 1 d o i ») „ u 3 -a . G (43 «3 C K 1| - 3 C3 *- -c 2 Si M C3 S E 1^ w cc u 3 u C as u 0. a. E .5-5 E? cn-o a a 3 ax fa's — V) E-"a 920 0-40 0-28 090 2-10 2-go 3-°S 0-80 5-00 2-60 — — — 9-80 — 0-9S 0-35 o-go 2-20 3-10 324 0-86 5-50 4-70 2-70 2-30 — — — 970 0-50 — — 2-05 — — — 5-00 2-50 — 8-45 — 0-40 — — 1-70 2-35 2-40 0-65 4-35 2-20 2-15 1060 10-00 0-70 0-40 0-90 2-47 3-10 3-40 0-85 5-50 2-53 11-96 11-20 0-65 0-37 1-25 2-60 3-43 362 0-99 6-77 2-90 2-78 2-33 ii"34 10-00 0-50 0-43 1-30 2-70 3-22 340 0-88 6-20 2-40 10-05 9-95 1-60 0-95 2-28 2-go 3-02 0-80 534 1070 10-20 1-70 0-28 0-87 ig2 — ~ 5 -20 10-05 9-55 i'45 0-42 1-04 2-00 2-70 2-86 0-72 5-30 2-41 — — 2-14 2-50 2-58 12-52 11-60 0-70 0-35 I -00 2-64 — — — 6-40 325 11-28 10-15 1-85 0-38 i-io 2-60 — — — — ■ iiiS 0-46 — — 3-20 3-10 3-30 0-85 6-47 2-79 2-63 10-85 9-87 o-6i 0-30 0-90 2-47 3-25 3-37 0-95 — 10-40 9-50 11-30 8-85 10-40 0-50 050 0-65 0-30 0-27 0-75 1-25 230 I -go 2-95 3-iS 3-32 3-30 3-45 0-85 0-92 6-75 3-10 — — I -go 2-90 10-67 10-37 8-3T5 8-65 1-13 0-27 I-IS 2-30 2-00 3-35 317 3-50 3-30 0-96 093 6-25 6-35 2-go 2-84 — — 2"^S 10-10 920 9-30 8-75 I-I3 0-52 0-30 0-29 0-70 0-80 I go 1-85 2-97 3-08 0-70 5-20 2-18 — — 2-05 2-00 8-60 0-9S I-IO 0-55 1-65 — — 1-60 — — — 4-20 i-gi 11-07 9-40 I0-2O 8-90 9-20 0-17 0-30 0-83 ogo 2-40 i-g8 2-10 3-00 2-80 3-10 2-87 0-94 6-60 5-24 2-63 2-65 — — 1-77 2-35 1202 0-98 — — 2-40 3-30 3-48 096 6-84 3-20 2-80 316 11-70 0'3S — — 2-30 3-IO 3-24 0-85 6-13 10-70 II-IO i-io — — 2-30 3-28 3-45 0-91 6-56 10-52 1-50 0-38 I -00 2-47 0-80 636 2-95 2-70 8-26 7-80 0-48 0-25 0-65 — — — — 463 2-25 — — 155 0-55 — — 2-84 2-gi 0-72 5-70 2-50 2-30 2-48 10-82 9-90 9-87 0-51 o-6o 0-21 0-28 0-65 1-30 206 1-90 313 2-9S 3-33 3-10 o-go 5-go 6-35 5-68 2-40 2-85 2-6i — — 945 905 — 0-50 OS4 . 0-40 0-26 0-70 I -80 2-49 1-80 2-6o 2-60 2-50 2-78 2-61 0-80 068 0-70 5 -OS 4-98 6-18 2-38 — — — g-40 8-75 1-53 — — 2-27 — — — — — — — 2-23 11-70 10-78 10-70 9-40 0-75 1-78 0-17 0-28 0-88 0-76 2-49 2-54 3-14 — 0-88 6-60 6-35 6-70 2-90 2-95 — = 2-43 2-70 2-60 10-80 10-30 0-63 0-29 0-88 2-90 — 3-10 1-65 8-40 790 1-42 0-25 0-70 1-75 12-50 0-72 — 2-37 3-28 3-42 0-92 9-85 11-60 8-90 1-12 0-70 0-30 0-84 2-75 304 3-25 — 630 3-20 — — 2-70 11-70 0-60 0-38 I -00 2-go 3-60 3-72 I -00 — 2^8 — — 2-45 2-65 I i-oo 1000 1-13 0-32 0-80 2-55 3-30 3-40 0-86 6-30 11-90 10-65 0-60 1-83 0-16 I -00 2-70 1-78 3-44 3-64 1-07 515 2-36 1-60 — — 8-40 — 0-36 0-20 o-6o 1-60 2-20 2-30 0-59 o-6g 3-10 1-85 goo 8-25 1-40 0-35 1-27 1-90 2-40 2-55 2-8i 11-90 0-77 0-38 1-80 2-3S — — 7-05 ~ 11-85 10-90 0-75 0-38 I-IO 2-50 376 4-00 I -00 11-40 10-42 0-80 0-32 ogo — 2"6o 11-05 10-20 1-65 0-22 1-80 2-45 3-10 3-25 0-93 ii-iS 10-50 0-50 0-23 0-80 2-35 3-34 356 o-go — — 2-50 29-2 484 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 OS ,. 532 Male 17-80 2-80 3-00 3-27 7-25 0-95 4-35 0-95 5-20 9 >. 534 Male 20-50 3-62 — 4-13 8-80 0-88 5-08 0-98 600 12 ,, 554 Male 17-30 2-75 — 3-25 7-00 0-90 4-59 o-go 5-25 13 ,. 557 Female 26-85 4-86 — 5-45 11-40 I 50 1-38 7-50 14 „ 567 Male 17-50 2-70 3-IO 3-19 7-20 1-16 — 0-85 5-57 14 ,. 568 Male 18-80 2-95 3-30 3-45 7-25 0-97 4-48 0-S6 5-85 14 .. 569 Male 23-00 4-45 4-90 10-55 1-36 5-37 1-15 6-so 14 ,. 570 Female 20-80 3-90 4-27 4-25 9 00 1-12 1-09 6-15 14 .. 571 Male 22-70 4-34 4-SS 10-35 I -20 5-25 1-19 6-55 14 ,. S'S Male 23-10 4-35 4-75 4-95 10-40 1-30 5-75 1-21 6-75 IS ,. 578 Male 19-30 3-40 3-75 3-82 8-iS 0-99 465 0-98 5-70 15 „ 580 Male 22-6o 3-75 4-15 4-32 9-50 1-25 5-80 1-13 6-55 15 ,, 581 Female 16-65 2-90 3-25 6-80 0-85 — 0-94 4-97 15 .. 582 Female i8-3S 3-20 3-35 3-40 — 0-95 4-65 I -00 S'SS 15 ,. 583 Female 19-10 3-00 3-SS 7-65 0-98 4-65 I 00 5-30 IS „ 584 Female 18-23 3-00 3-30 3-35 7-40 1-13 4-50 1-05 5-55 16 „ 591 Male 20-85 3-63 4-10 4-20 8-95 i-oS 1-20 5-80 16 „ 592 Male 19-35 3-20 3-50 3-6S 7-88 I -00 5-30 I -00 5-85 16 „ 593 Male 23-40 4-40 4-80 10-20 — 595 1-30 690 16 „ 594 Male 18-80 3-IO 3-44 3-57 8-06 I -00 4-81 1-09 5-45 16 ,, 595 Female 20-20 3-48 3-82 3-92 8-45 I-IO 5-iS I-IO 6-40 16 „ 596 Male 21-70 3-90 4-13 4-23 9-20 5-50 1-22 6-65 16 „ 597 Female 17-80 2-60 3-00 3-07 7-00 0-83 1-05 5-70 16 „ 598 Male 21-90 4-00 — 4-40 9-45 I-IO 5-15 I-IO 6-40 16 „ 599 Female 24-70 4-38 — 4-90 10-50 1-52 6-30 1-50 7-20 IS „ 605 Female 18-80 3-IO 3-42 3-53 7-45 095 0-95 5-90 iS „ 608 Female 19-30 3-26 3-44 3-55 7-85 1-07 5-10 1-05 5-95 19 ,. 612 Female 19-10 3-08 3-3° 3-50 S-06 0-9S 4-S0 I-IO S-70 19 „ 613 Male 25-50 4-70 5-15 11-00 1-48 6-20 I-3S 7-30 20 , 614 Female 21-10 ~ 4-00 4-40 4-50 9-10 1-12 " 1-20 640 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 485 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (J 3 -M 1 c •a « V 3 2- 10 „ |£^ 3 oj -0 . as > a bo C a *^ _ l-" 4-1 U U bi '^ 1- 1 CO V a ■S ° DO CLJi COTS a .2- 3 ^3 11 ^'ol Z u > c 3 aj = £• ° M *- OJ 3 >. , 1/1 en t4-< tn 01 u u 0^ '^ C ►J < a rt 3 4J o-^ g 5 ° i S-o U-, o_u 0. be e.g. ■Sg n to C m.2 •3 ^ 3 ^ 1— 1 n m t-3 h§ hS P-s ►5 E.S 1926 20 Feb. 61S Male 23-30 — 4-95 5-23 5-33 10-90 1-31 S-38 I-I9 6-20 20 ,, 616 Female 22-75 — 4-30 4-70 4-82 — 1-32 5-72 1-20 6-76 20 ,, 617 Female 22-IO — 4-00 — 4-50 9 45 1-30 5-53 I-IO 6-8o 22 ,■ 620 Female 21-55 — 3-70 4-00 4-28 945 1-26 S-58 1-09 6-85 22 ,, 623 Female 21-50 — 3-15 3-62 3-75 8-18 1-05 1-13 6-33 24 ,, 625 Female 19-00 318 3-47 3-60 8-10 I -00 4-90 1-02 5-70 ^Ki' u 628 Male 21-30 — 3-6s 4-14 4-17 9-10 — 1-15 6-25 I March 637 Female 26-70 — 4-87 5-63 11-47 1-40 667 1-55 7-95 I .. 638 Female 24-35 — 4-30 — 5-05 11-10 1-36 5-62 1-30 6-85 I 639 Female 20-00 — 3-40 — 3-82 8-35 1-03 i-io 5-15 I »i 640 Female 25-10 4-85 — s-32 10-80 1-37 6-35 1-34 7-14 I 641 Female 20-30 — 3-60 — 4-05 8-70 4-82 i-o6 6-00 I 642 Female 24-25 4-70 4-95 5-II 10-77 1-40 6-00 1-37 7-03 I 643 Male 24-40 — 4-80 — s-25 10-75 1-34 5-75 1-30 6-8>; I 644 Male 18-97 3-28 3-64 3-80 7-95 0-97 4-90 I-IO 5-8b 2 645 Female 26-40 s-25 1-39 6-85 2 646 Male 17-75 — 3-00 — 3-41 7-50 0-89 — 1-03 5-70 2 ,, 647 Male 21-75 — — 4-03 4-15 — 5-60 1-11 6-55 2 648 Female 17-30 — 2-80 3-25 7-15 0-90 — 0-93 5-50 2 ,1 649 Male 18-05 — 3-00 3-30 3-55 7-80 0-96 4-85 0-96 S-35 2 650 Female i6-35 — 2-70 3-00 3-17 6-94 0-86 3-88 0-91 4-70 2 ,, 651 Female 18-25 — 2-50 3-30 3-45 7-65 0-94 4-15 1-00 5-60 2 ,, 652 Male 21-70 — 3-75 — 4-15 9-05 1-16 5-30 1-04 6-32 3 .. 653 Male 19-20 — 335 3-81 3-93 8-35 0-98 1-07 5-75 3 ., 654 Female 19-20 — 3-00 3-63 3-70 7-80 1-02 5-05 1-05 5-86 3 655 Female 22-00 — 4-10 4-35 4-43 925 1-22 5-45 1-15 6-40 3 .> 656 Male 18-10 — 3-00 3-26 I 00 5-50 3 657 Female 16-80 — 2-45 2-90 2-91 690 — — 096 5-50 4 658 Male 21-50 — 4-00 4-45 4-50 955 1-24 — 1-17 630 4 >, 659 Female 25-25 — 4-15 4-64 4-85 IO-45 1-33 6-65 1-22 7-70 4 660 Female 22-10 — 3-70 4-27 4-37 9-50 114 1-22 6-40 4 66 1 Female 23-20 — 4-10 4-30 1-23 — 6-70 4 662 Male 18-30 — 2-60 — 3-10 710 0-83 4-60 0-90 5-70 4 663 Female 18-87 — 2-70 3-13 3-IO 7-60 0-95 4-90 0-97 5-72 4 664 Female 24-70 — 4-60 5-20 — 1-42 5-50 1-20 680 4 665 Female 19-65 — 2-95 3-62 3-65 8-15 1-35 I -00 6-00 4 666 Female 2490 — 400 4-78 10-65 6-25 7-45 5 667 Female 28-50 — — — — — 1-30 5 „ 668 Male 21-65 — 3-80 4-36 4-47 9-25 — — 1-23 6-50 5 669 Male 19-80 — 3-30 3-70 3-90 8-35 I 00 4-95 1-04 6-00 5 670 Male 20-30 — 3-40 3-76 3-88 8-00 1-07 5-30 1-04 6-10 6 671 Male 20-65 — 3-50 3-8o 3-92 8-70 1-13 1-07 6-35 6 ., 673 Male 19-20 3-25 3-65 3-77 8-30 4-90 0-95 5-70 8 ,, 676 Female 18-90 — 2-go 3-50 7-60 — 4-85 0-95 565 13 „ 681 Female 18-60 — 3-14 3-20 3-29 7-30 — 1-03 5-80 14 684 Male 18-75 3-00 3-42 3-57 7-80 0-97 — 0-90 5-95 14 688 Male 17-70 2-80 3-30 3-50 7-10 — 086 5-50 19 695 Female 18-10 3-50 3-70 3-84 7-70 0-98 4-55 0-88 5-30 20 698 Male 19-00 — 3-00 3-55 3-60 8-10 I -00 4-75 1-03 5-75 22 702 Male 19-64 — 3-20 3-65 780 1-00 1-02 6-00 22 703 Male 17-75 — 2-98 3-14 3-35 7-10 098 4-40 0-97 5-40 22 704 Female 26-10 — 4-85 5-53 11-30 — 6-65 1-18 8-15 23 „ 712 Female 17-95 2-80 — 3-10 6-90 0-97 4-30 0-80 5-35 24 ,. 716 Female 19-50 — 3-80 4-40 4-40 8-70 1-08 5-55 24 ., 718 Female 18-80 — 3-25 3 60 3-78 8-00 0-93 4-65 0-98 5-55 25 „ 720 Male 20-07 — 3-85 — 4-10 8-55 1-13 i-io 6-is 26 726 Female 20-02 — 3-60 3-90 3-97 8-80 5-10 1-07 6-15 29 737 Female 18-20 3-10 3-45 3-50 7-40 0-96 4-80 0-99 5-75 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 487 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 . , CO « t+- M « aj , 766 Male 19-00 2-85 3-25 3-40 7-55 o-go 4-80 0-93 5-80 20 ,, 767 Female 16-80 2-6o 2-95 3-04 6-70 0-88 4-35 0-83 5-35 21 1. 768 Female 21-70 3-60 4-00 4-17 8-80 1-20 5-20 1-08 6-70 21 „ 769 Male 19-20 3-06 3-38 3-58 6-95 I-oo 5-00 I-oo 5-95 21 ,, 770 Female 23-64 4-15 4-78 10-15 1-29 6-03 1-20 6-90 22 ,, 773 Male 18-80 3-10 3-25 3-35 8-20 1-04 4-90 090 5-50 22 „ 774 Male 18-00 2-95 3-40 3-54 7-60 0-94 4-57 I -01 5-50 22 776 Female 26-90 5-18 S-83 12-10 1-44 6-IO 1-38 7-55 22 ,, 777 Male 19-80 3-30 3-70 3-85 — 1-02 4-90 0-91 5-75 23 >. 779 Female i8-8o 3-II 3-44 3-48 7-67 0-99 4-74 1-00 .5-90 23 „ 781 Female 16-75 2-8o 3-22 6-95 0-95 4-30 0-85 5-20 24 ,. 785 Male 18-60 3-10 3-55 3-67 7-90 092 4-96 o-gi 5-65 24 >. 787 Female 16-90 2-85 3-25 3-32 7-20 095 4-37 0-89 5-35 25 „ 794 Female 18-95 3-00 3-48 3-48 7-85 I-oo 5-00 I-oo 5-97 26 „ 797 Male 18-40 3-15 3-54 3-67 8-00 I 00 4-60 0-96 5-60 26 „ 799 Female 19-00 290 3-31 3-38 7-45 1-04 5-'5 IIO 5-75 27 ., 801 Female 26-10 5-15 6-00 1 1 -go 1-55 6-12 1-37 7-14 27 „ 802 Male 18-70 3-00 3-40 3-50 7-80 112 4-90 0-95 5-60 27 ,, 803 Female 17-90 2-85 3-23 7-10 0-98 4-65 I-oo 5-60 27 ., 805 Female 19-40 3-0° 3-3° 3-47 I-OO 5-50 I 01 6-20 28 „ 809 Male 18-90 2-95 3-53 7-90 0-94 — 1-04 5-45 28 „ 810 Female 26-35 4-85 5-54 5-58 11-82 132 6-33 1-36 7-35 29 ., 811 Male 17-85 — — — — — — 0-95 — 29 „ 812 Female 24-80 5-00 — 5-55 I i-io 1-39 5-85 1-28 7-00 29 .. !'3 Male 16-90 2-72 3-10 3-18 7-04 I 20 4-30 o-8o 5-15 29 .■ 814 Female 17-80 2-84 3 -OS 3-25 7-15 0-95 4-60 0-90 5-40 29 „ 816 Female 22-40 4-00 4-40 460 — 1-22 5-40 1-18 6-45 29 .. 818 Female 20-90 0-20 4-00 — 4-45 9-20 I-IS 5 -40 I-oo 6-30 30 „ 819 Male 17-50 2-80 3-14 3-20 7-30 0-91 — 0-89 5-40 30 „ 820 Female 21-55 4-10 4-25 4-45 9-35 I-17 5-40 I-IO 6-20 30 „ 822 Female 20-60 3-75 4-04 4-28 I-I4 5-00 1-09 5-85 30 .. 823 Male 15-83 2-70 3-i8 6-85 0-94 3-S0 080 4-65 I July 824 Male 18-30 3-35 3-66 3-70 8-00 096 — 0-88 5-30 I ,, 825 Female 17-70 2-95 3-32 3-40 7-60 0-97 4-23 0-85 5-35 I >> 826 Female 19-30 3-25 3-63 3-73 8-20 — I-oo 5-95 I ,, 827 Female 19-97 3-40 3-70 3-77 8-15 I -06 5 -00 I 02 605 2 ,, 828 Male 17-80 2-82 3-20 3-32 7-45 0-95 — I-oo — 2 ,, 829 Male i8-8o 3-15 3-55 3-59 8-05 1-03 4-88 1-05 5-75 2 ,, 830 Male 22-90 3-85 4-41 4-58 IO-20 I-31 5-95 I-I7 6-70 2 >, §33 Male 18-25 3-25 3 60 3-72 7-85 098 4-75 0-9S 5-55 2 „ 834 Male 18-17 3-IO 3-40 3-56 7-75 104 4-45 0-95 5-60 3 ,. In Male 19-00 3-05 3-47 3-59 7-77 0-98 4-75 1-06 5-78 3 ,, 836 Female 19-10 3-IO 3-54 3-67 7-90 0-98 5-16 1-13 5-95 3 .. 838 Male 22-00 ~ 3-90 4-34 4-53 9-46 I-16 5-40 i-iS 6-50 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 489 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 M 3 « yj . C V 3 u 3 E S 3 ;z; C M cii a '^ c^ C 1- rt '^ 1^.2 % « U.4 ■2, >, cfi ^ '•^ "0 U! ) 867 Male 23-80 — 4-27 4-76 4-95 10-40 1-25 6-10 1-25 6-90 12 ,, 868 Female 17-60 — 2-88 3-24 3-28 7-33 0-97 I-OI 5-53 12 ,, 869 Male 17-25 — 2-83 3-4° 3-30 7-40 0-86 4-85 0-93 5-55 12 ,, 871 Female 20-15 — 3-46 4-03 8-45 — I-IO 6-30 12 ,, 872 Male 22-55 — 3-97 4-48 4-69 9-80 1-17 5-58 1-05 6-6o 12 „ 874 Male i8-95 — 3-35 3-72 3-85 8-22 1-06 4-45 0-93 5-70 13 „ 879 Female 19-20 — 3-08 3-62 3-68 8-25 0-97 4-S0 0-98 5-60 14 ,, 885 Male 22-20 — 3-90 4-35 4-48 9-45 I-IO 5-37 1-23 646 14 ., 886 Male 20-37 — 3-46 3-70 3-85 8-40 1-06 5-°3 I-OO 6 00 23 „ 888 Male 24-80 — 4-40 4-95 5-14 — 1-37 6-30 I -25 7-30 24 ,. 889 Male 23-50 — — — 5-08 10-70 1-28 5-90 1-20 6-25 25 ., 890 Male 24-25 — 4-52 4-80 4-95 10-40 1-38 5-95 1-23 7-20 25 „ 894 Male 24-15 — 4-40 4-go 5 -07 10-70 1-35 5-80 1-20 7-15 26 „ 895 Female 27-20 — 4-95 5-46 — 1-42 6-S5 1-35 8-20 26 „ 896 Male 17-90 — 2-80 — 3-45 7-60 0-92 4-48 0-89 5-07 27 „ 900 Female 26-30 — 4-80 — S-59 11-58 1-34 6-50 1-30 7-75 27 >, go I Female 20-20 — 3-50 4-04 4-14 8-75 1-09 5-05 1-08 5-93 28 „ 904 Female 19-15 — 3-18 — 3-70 8-00 I 00 I-IO 28 ,. 906 Female 26-80 — 5-10 — 5-70 12-00 1-48 5-85 1-35 7-55 28 „ 907 Male 17-40 — 2-90 3-10 3-32 7-25 0-98 4-40 0-98 5-25 28 „ 908 Female 22-70 — 3-90 4-65 9-75 1-33 5 40 1-25 6-85 29 „ 909 Male 20-00 — 3-20 3-68 3-80 8-25 I-OI 5-15 I-IO 6-35 3 Aug. 911 Female 20-42 — 3-70 — 4-30 9-03 1-20 4-75 1-02 5-85 3 ,, 915 Female 16-20 — 2-55 — 2-97 6-74 0-90 0-95 5-IO 6 „ 919 Female 26-60 — 4-87 5-48 5-65 11-30 1-37 6-60 1-40 8-00 6 ,, 920 Female 26-65 — 5-00 5-5° 5-69 "-7S 1-42 6-88 1-40 7-75 7 ., 921 Female 19-75 — 3-47 3-72 3-90 8-50 1-08 4-85 I-OO 5-80 7 ,, 923 Male 20-55 — 3-60 3-85 4-13 9-00 0-98 4-90 I-OO 6-15 8 „ 92s Female 24-80 — 4-45 5-20 5-25 11-10 1-30 — 1-30 7-3° 9 ,. 926 Female 26-85 — 5-30 5-70 12-10 1-45 6-47 1-36 7-50 9 ,. 927 Female 18-05 — 3-07 3-35 3-39 7-67 I -00 4-45 I-OO 5-47 9 ., 928 Female 18-40 — 3-00 3-44 3-52 7-75 0-94 — 0-93 5-85 9 ., 929 Male 22-74 — 4-35 4-65 4-80 10-70 0-96 5-82 1-30 6-50 9 ., 930 Female 23-85 — 4-60 4-95 5-10 10-60 — 5-72 1-35 7-20 I 2 936 Female 18-05 — 2-85 3-24 3-37 7-50 0-97 4-67 0-94 5-55 13 ',', 937 Female 18-60 — 3-00 3-40 3-47 7-77 1-02 4-63 0-96 5-7° 13 „ 938 Female 21-85 — 3-92 4-34 4-45 9-48 1-18 5-38 1-02 6-40 14 „ 942 Male 18-55 — 3-05 3-40 3-45 7-70 0-96 0-97 5-75 14 „ 943 Male 22-60 — 4-00 — 4-60 9-65 — 5-40 I-I6 6-69 14 „ 944 Female 18-20 — 2-85 3-20 3-35 7-45 0-87 4-67 1-02 560 14 „ 945 Female 20-00 ~ 2-60 3-97 4-12 8-60 1-05 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 491 II 12 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 C4 ■a M „ 3 . > c u a c OJ 1 a U 4-t CO •o'.& to c u rt 3 3 p Notch of flu end of syste ventral groo Anus to rep live aperturi centres a "a Flipper, tip anterior end lower borde Flipper, leni along curve lower borde u a M — X Skull length dyle to tip premaxilla Q4 f> - rt >" 1-.2 B r. ^4-< -5 B « Cfi U.4 01 VI . 994 Male 20-30 — 3-50 4-00 8-80 1-07 1-05 5 90 24 ,. 995 Female 18-17 0-19 3-20 — 3-55 7-60 0-97 4-20 0-97 5-60 24 .. 996 Male 18-95 3-40 3-78 3-85 8-35 0-99 4-60 i-io 5-35 24 .. 997 Male 19-85 — 3-38 4-69 4-82 — 1-05 5-55 24 ., 998 Female 18-15 — 3-05 3-37 3-50 — 0-98 4-55 0-99 560 25 ., 1006 Male 20-35 — 3-30 3-75 390 8-45 1-05 5-15 0-98 600 25 -. 1007 Female 21-35 — 3-80 4-28 4-37 9-25 1-15 1-18 645 25 ., 1008 Male 17-75 — 2-95 3-22 3-25 7-15 092 4-42 0-97 5-45 25 ., lOIO Male 17-85 — 2-95 3-33 3-40 7-55 096 4-35 I -00 S-6o 26 ,, 1012 Male 20-63 — 3-55 3-98 4-07 — 1-08 5-10 i-og 610 26 ,, 1013 Female 18-55 — 3-01 3-s8 7-95 1-02 4-85 1-03 5-70 26 „ 1016 Male 18-40 — 2-85 3-25 3-33 7-55 0-97 5-10 1-04 580 26 „ 1017 Male 20-15 — 3-40 3-78 8-40 1-08 5-00 1-05 6-15 26 „ 1018 Female 18-75 — 2-20 3-55 3-63 7-90 0-99 4-70 i-oi 5-90 27 „ 1022 Female 17-45 — 2-70 308 3-15 6-go 0-88 4-88 0-98 580 27 >. 1023 Male 18-60 — 3-20 3-47 3-58 7-87 0-98 4-48 I -00 5-35 27 ■. 1026 Male 20-10 — 3-80 3-97 4-07 8-92 1-12 5-23 1-07 600 27 .. 1027 Female 18-10 — 3-07 3-36 3-50 7-47 0-92 4-52 0-9S 5-45 28 „ 1029 Male 26-30 S-18 5 -60 5-85 11-75 1-54 610 1-32 7-50 28 „ 1 03 1 Male 19-40 — 3-10 3-38 3-53 7-85 I 01 490 1-14 6 00 28 „ 1034 Female 17-70 — 3-05 3-42 3-50 7-60 0-93 4-55 087 5-25 28 ,, 1036 Male 24-40 — 4-60 5-15 10-90 1-30 6-06 1-14 6-70 30 „ 1041 Male 18-45 — 3-05 3-37 3-54 7-50 1-00 4-55 1-05 5-55 31 ,. 1045 Male 23-30 — 4-28 4-57 4-70 1000 1-33 5-97 1-28 6-8o 31 ,. 1046 Male 19-40 3-27 3-s8 3-82 8-20 1-06 4-85 0-93 5-65 31 „ 1047 Female 21-15 3-80 4-17 4-37 9-15 1-20 5-50 I 06 6-20 I Sept. 1048 Female 18-20 — 2-95 3-18 3-37 0-87 094 5-70 I „ 1049 Male 19-05 — 3-10 3-44 3-58 7-95 0-98 4-96 I -00 6-00 I 1050 Male 19-55 — 3-45 3-77 3-94 8-30 1-07 4-70 I-IO 5-75 2 1052 Female 20-00 — 3-35 3-73 3-87 8-20 1-05 5-35 III 6-^o 2 ,, 1054 Male 18-40 — 2-94 3-23 3-44 7-75 0-97 4-65 1-00 5-65 3 .. 1056 Male 23-90 — 4-70 5-26 5-30 10-70 — 1-20 6-75 3 .. 1057 Female 25-10 — 4-45 5-05 5-16 10-95 1-46 6-25 1-30 7-30 4 ,. 1060 Female i8-oo — 2-75 3-i8 3-27 0-94 4-73 0-94 5-70 4 „ 1061 Male 24-45 — 4-80 5-IO 5-25 10-88 I-31 5-85 1-22 7-00 4 .. 1062 Male 17-50 — 2-90 3-22 3-33 — 0-93 4-00 0-87 5-30 5 ., 1063 Male 19-85 — 340 3-8s 3-90 8-35 1-04 4-85 I -00 5-8s 5 „ 1064 Female 13-35 — 1-75 1-95 2-00 5-05 0-67 3-67 0-84 4-53 5 „ 1065 Female 21-30 — 4-05 4-40 4-53 9-27 1-13 1-12 6-15 6 „ 1066 Male 18-20 — 3-05 3-45 3-51 7-65 0-97 4-40 0-98 5-50 6 ,, 1067 Male 20-80 — 3-58 4-00 4-15 8-80 1-07 4-90 1-02 5-73 6 ,. 1068 Male 19-50 — 3-30 3-57 3-72 8-30 1-05 5-05 1-05 S-75 7 „ 1069 Female 17-90 — 3-15 3-40 3-45 7-50 I -00 5-35 7 ,. 1070 Male 22-90 — 4-10 — 4-73 10-25 1-38 520 I -20 6-35 7 .. 1071 Female 25-47 4-78 — 5-35 11-35 .-36 6-05 I-18 7-50 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 493 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 o 01 „ 3 T3 . & 1 'p, o"S bo iH 4-* •o".S- en 1 C 1 X. a 3 11 3 4) tfl 7^ iJ > "J « w 1-1 < a u > c (Si c ° s u 0. a. •■§"11 u u 60 I2I tc il! S-55 0-22 I 05 1-85 2-40 2-50 0-66 — — 1-55 goo o-SS 0-20 o-8o 1-79 2-45 2-56 0-68 4-70 — — — 1115 I0-20 1-75 1-65 2-65 3-.6 3-30 o-g8 — — 2-07 1-65 S-45 7-85 1-30 0-23 0-75 1-84 — — 0-67 — — — 8-20 0-70 — 1-68 2-35 2-45 0-62 4-10 1-98 — — g-oo 7-70 0-52 0-18 0-50 1-92 2-50 2-69 0-75 4-28 2-12 — — I-S9 1 1 -So II-IO 0-70 0-28 0-70 2-40 3-i6 3-23 ogo — — 1-95 I -60 i-8o 1-60 9'5S 8-70 i-io 0-26 IIS I -go 2-45 2-57 o-6g 425 2-05 — 935 8-95 1-55 0-35 125 1-86 2-5S 2-74 0-73 4-48 2-17 — 7-87 7-45 1-20 0-25 I -20 — — ~~ ~ Q'35 8-75 060 o-i6 0-45 I -go — — 0-66 — — — — 1-47 830 — — — 2-40 2-60 0-71 4-20 1-97 — 8-8o 8-30 1-25 0-22 I -00 — — — — — — 1-45 1010 9-80 1-70 0-30 I -00 2-15 2-76 2-93 0-7S 4-90 2-41 — 1-73 1-80 9-45 8-70 0-60 0-22 0-70 1-94 — — — — — 9'40 — — — — 2-15 2-74 2-88 0-73 4-80 2-20 — — 8-65 8-15 0-57 0-21 0-85 1-70 2-30 2-38 0-66 4-45 I -85 — — 1-55 «-57 8-00 1-35 0-27 0-90 2-00 2-80 3-00 0-74 — — — 17s g-oo — 0-24 0-90 — — — 0-76 4-70 2-10 — i"^8 8-6o 8-08 0-38 0-90 1-82 2-35 2-45 0-70 4'25 2-00 ~ 9'45 8-90 I -60 0-24 0-80 I 97 2-60 2-74 0-77 4-62 2-30 — — 1-73 ggo — 0-40 — — 2-18 2-80 2-95 0-75 5-20 2-50 — 8-70 8-30 1-40 0-22 0-85 1-65 2'3i 2-44 0-64 4-00 1-82 — 1^45 8-70 7-8s 1-40 0-24 o-6o 1-83 — — — — — I'lS 9-70 920 1-50 0-28 I 00 2-12 2-68 — 070 5 -00 2-25 I "75 1-63 9-00 8-30 0'55 0-26 i-io 1-95 2-55 2-68 0-68 — — goo 8-75 i'35 0-21 0-90 I -85 — — 4-20 1-80 — - 1-45 9'5° 1-40 0-16 1-20 2-20 2-80 2-96 0-77 — — — 173 i-6s 1-48 90s 8-90 0-50 0-24 1-75 2-45 2-50 0-68 — 8-75 8-IO 0-53 0-17 0-60 1-55 2-is 2-21 0-59 ~ "" 8-75 8-IO 1-40 0-23 0-88 1-77 — — 0-72 — — — — 1-59 915 8-60 I -60 0-37 I -00 203 2-67 — 0-79 5-15 2-50 1-90 8-35 7-98 0-55 0-20 0-50 I-7S 2-20 2-40 — — 1-42 1 1 -80 io-6o 1-80 0'45 1-30 2-70 3-35 3-47 I -00 7-10 3 00 — 2-37 I 60 9'15 8-60 1-30 0-18 0-70 2-05 2-SS 2-64 0-68 4-30 2-IO — 8-20 7-80 0-48 0-27 0-80 1-67 2-28 2-41 0-68 4-20 1-98 — i"57 i-8s i-6s 10-85 10-10 I -go 0'35 0-80 2-70 3-08 3-17 0-90 — — 2-67 8-70 8-35 1-30 0-26 I-IO 1-68 2-34 2-46 0-62 4-38 2-02 — 10-60 IO-20 i'75 0-28 0-80 2-33 3-00 313 0-87 — 2-03 9-05 8-60 I 45 — 0-60 1-90 2-58 2-6g 0-73 4-67 2-30 174 9-85 g-40 o-6o 0-21 o-6o 2-10 2-85 2-g5 0-80 — — — — 174 8-75 0'45 0-2I 0-60 — 2-41 2-56 0-64 4-15 1-86 — g-io 8-75 1-30 0-32 0-70 1-88 2-53 2-67 0-70 4-32 2-i8 — 1-70 177 1-80 1-54 g-io 8-6o i'35 0-26 o-8o 1-90 — — — 9-70 9-10 0-55 0-38 0-85 1-87 2-43 2-55 0-73 4-65 2-25 8-85 8-00 I -20 0-28 I -00 2-04 — — — 9'55 1-72 1-50 2-36 305 324 0-87 6-45 2-70 11-05 8-80 10-90 10-80 8-35 9-80 0-60 0-50 1-78 0-37 0-29 I -00 I-OO o-go 2-43 I 95 2-40 3-24 2-46 3-13 3-45 2-60 3-30 0-85 0-67 0-87 4-10 6-30 2-00 2-86 — — 2*05 1-68 I -80 8-25 g-00 7-70 8-65 I-3S 0-40 o-i8 0-21 0-50 I -00 1-85 2-60 2-6g 0-64 — — — — 1-40 I -65 6-g8 6-70 0-27 0-31 0-85 1-36 1-85 2-00 0-60 — I '43 9-70 0-65 — 1-88 2-79 2-g4 0-70 — 8-60 8-20 I-IO 0-32 0-80 1-70 2-32 2-44 0-64 4-33 2-03 175 1-67 1-65 9-30 8-30 1-60 0-28 o-8s 1-87 2-54 2-62 0-74 5-00 230 g-15 8-75 '■55 0-25 0-65 2-14 — 8-55 0-50 — 1-84 2-30 2-47 069 — 10-30 9'65 1-70 — 0'95 2-30 3 -20 3-40 0-88 — I -go 11-60 10-85 0-65 o-2g 1-20 2-47 3-27 3-48 0-90 6-60 270 ~ 2-00 494 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V D. 1 2.ic « tXcr- rt Date S 3 Se.\: 6l -•a 5 c 3 Bl 4.J U -u 3 1 si 3 Z a cJi r1 01) Cc^H C 1- rt <~ V-.S ^ C C4-. oj •'-1 >• CO tfl U-i i« m aj V 0^ Hi < a: 2 3 Ji 11 Uh 0_aj a'bi 0.0. •Si'o ^ £ ■3 S J3 3 ^ c2 C 3 J-Sg H3 Pg -fa 'fo w ►500 E.S Zg 1926 7 Sept. 1072 Male 23-40 — 4-30 — 4-85 — 1-23 S-95 1-22 6-80 7 -, 1073 Male 23-20 — 4-40 — 4-90 — 1-35 S-30 1-23 6-50 7 .. 1075 Male 18-07 — 3-06 3-35 3-45 — 0-96 4-45 0-85 5-60 8 „ 1076 Male 18-50 — 3-00 3-35 3-40 7-50 0-98 4-45 0-93 5-40 8 ,, 1077 Male 19-10 — 3-4° 3-80 3-95 8-6o I -02 4-55 I -00 5-60 8 „ 1078 Female 19-90 — 345 — 3-98 8-40 1-05 4-90 1-06 4-80 14 .. 1079 Female 25-95 — 5-06 5-50 5-61 12-00 1-45 6-30 1-35 7-40 14 ,. 1081 Male 20-50 — 3-47 4-00 4-09 8-85 1-08 4-83 I -02 5-90 15 .. 1085 Female 13-95 — 1-93 2-07 2-18 5-25 073 3-83 0-86 4-55 17 .. 1088 Male 18-70 — 3-33 3-55 3-76 7-55 1-04 4-76 0-98 5-65 18 ,, 1095 Female 19-S5 — 3-60 4-00 4-10 8-50 — — 1-05 6-00 20 ,, 1098 Male 1850 — 3-15 3-50 3-57 7-75 I -00 4-47 0-95 5-55 20 ,, 1099 Female 20-30 — 3-IO 3-68 3-82 8-07 1-04 5-25 1-03 5-95 20 ,, 1 100 Male 25-90 — 4-59 — 5-32 11-60 1-44 6-20 1-14 7-58 21 1 104 Female 16-82 — 2-73 3-0S 3-14 7-00 0-94 4-09 o-8o 5-20 21 ,, 1 107 Male 18-00 — 2-75 3-05 3-19 7-10 0-91 5-04 i-oo 5-78 22 ,, 1 109 Male 24-90 — 4-SS 5-00 5-20 10-90 1-27 6-41 1-25 7-46 22 „ IIIO Female 24- 1 5 — 3-92 4-46 4-56 9-65 1-27 6-15 1-29 7-28 22 ,, III2 Female 20-57 — 3-72 4-10 4-42 8-70 1-16 5-00 i-iS 5-55 22 ,, III3 Male 18-90 — 3 -OS 3-46 3-S3 7-60 0-97 4-90 0-97 5-75 22 „ II16 Male 19-25 — 3-IO 3-44 3-52 7-80 1-05 4-95 0-83 6-00 23 .. III7 Female 21-90 — 3-70 4-16 4-33 9-30 i-i6 5-73 i-ii 6-80 24 .. HI9 Male 20-95 — — 4-00 4-10 9-00 1-14 5-30 I-I5 6-50 24 ,. II2I Male 17-65 — 3-00 3-20 3-35 7-50 0-90 4-30 0-99 5-40 24 ,. II 22 Female 19-25 — ^'11, 3-35 3-52 7-60 0-99 5-00 0-90 5-90 25 ,. "23 Male 18-05 — 2-88 3-18 3-30 7-40 0-95 — i-io 5-65 25 „ 1124 Female 25-70 — 5-10 5-57 5-73 11-50 1-39 6-12 1-35 7-30 25 ., 1 126 Male 17-30 — 2-67 3-08 3-i6 7-10 0-91 4-47 0-89 5-40 25 „ II28 Female 18-00 — 2-90 3-20 3-34 7-3° 0-97 4-76 0-98 5-75 26 ,, II29 Male 19-75 — 3-00 3-39 3-50 7-90 I -00 — 1-13 6-25 26 „ II3I Male 18-05 — 2-80 3-xo 3-20 7-10 0-98 — I -00 5-55 27 .. "37 Female 19-80 — 3-30 3-75 3-82 8-30 1-02 4-90 1-05 6-10 27 „ 1138 Female 18-60 — 3-3° 3-52 3-61 — I 00 4-80 I -00 5-75 27 .. "39 Female 19-25 — 3-20 3-45 3-S3 7-92 1-02 5-25 0-98 6-10 27 ,. 1 141 Male 17-50 — 2-75 3-10 3-16 7-10 0-95 4-45 0-93 5-40 27 .. 1 142 Female 22-00 — 3-90 — 4-45 9-30 1-24 5-27 1-07 6-50 28 „ 1 147 Female 24-10 — 4-20 — 4-90 10-34 1-35 5-95 1-20 6-80 28 „ 1 150 Male 23-86 — 4-07 — 4-65 990 1-26 6-05 1-22 7-10 29 >. 1151 Female 26-10 — 500 — S-55 1-40 6-25 I-I5 7-40 29 .. 1152 Male 18-05 — 3-10 — 3-55 7-70 0-97 4-50 1-04 5-55 29 ■. "53 Male 17-65 — 2-80 3-16 3-27 — 0-97 4-35 0-90 5-20 30 .. "54 Female 1780 — 2-85 3-30 3-38 7-30 i-oi 4-34 1-02 S-55 30 >. "55 Male 20-65 — 3-30 3-80 3-90 7-70 1-09 5-60 I-I2 6-40 30 .. 1156 Male 1710 — 2-80 3-05 3-12 0-89 — 0-91 5-30 30 ,. "57 Female 17-60 — 3-10 — 3-42 7-45 0-99 4-50 0-95 5-60 30 .. 1158 Male i8-35 — 3-23 3-53 3-6s 6-79 1-09 4-60 0-90 5-55 2 Oct. "59 Female 19-75 — 3-10 3-65 3-70 8-35 1-02 — I -OS 6-50 2 ,, 1 160 Female i8-io — 2-90 3-17 3-30 7-25 093 4-85 0-94 5-70 2 ,. 1161 Female 19-40 — 2-25 — 2-75 8-35 I-OI 5-10 0-99 6-00 3 ., 1162 Male 19-45 — 3-15 3-60 3-65 8-10 l-OI I -00 5-85 3 ,. 1 166 Female 24-20 — 4-54 — 4-98 10-44 1-25 6-10 I -25 7-30 3 ,. 1 167 Male 19-45 — 3-25 3-75 3-88 8-50 1-08 4-92 0-97 5-75 4 .. 1168 Male 19-85 — 3-40 3-80 3-95 8-45 1-09 4-97 I 00 6-10 4 ,. 1 169 Male 17-10 — 2-60 — 2-90 7-05 I -00 4-25 0-93 5-30 4 ,. 1170 Male 17-60 — 2-75 3-2° 3-30 7-3S 0-96 — I -OS — 4 ,, iiyi F"emale 18-30 — 3-00 3-40 3-50 7-45 0-93 4-50 1-09 5-65 5 „ 1172 Female 18-70 — — — 3 60 0-98 — 5 „ "73 Female 18-70 — 3'O0 3-36 3-45 7-60 1-02 4-90 0-95 5-70 7 „ "74 Male 19-65 — 3-20 3-70 3-85 8-75 1-07 — 1-04 — 7 „ 1 176 Female 18-78 ~ 3-20 3-65 7-90 I -OS ~ 095 5-70 A-IEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 495 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 <4-l a -0 o to *-* ^-< to yj tl) 3 ■a . to c V 1 0*0 M I. •S-- 1 Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla C8 3 ° 6 Notch of flu end of systei ventral groo Anus to rep) tive aperture centres > C g M c 13 i» „ iS .s* Flipper, tip anterior end lower horde Flipper, len; along curve lower horde M u 0.-S E % C3 t-i C14 « S £ as E'o Si 10-55 ggo 1-70 0-25 I -00 2-50 3-10 3-22 o-8o 5-90 2-40 — — I -go io-6o 1-40 0-30 1-15 2-35 3-IO 3-20 085 5-95 2-60 — — — 8 '50 8-00 i'i5 0-31 I-IO 1-86 2-40 2-55 0-65 — — — — 1-40 8-50 7-45 1-35 0-30 I-oo 1-75 2-45 2-60 0-68 4-10 1-95 — — 1-45 8-70 8-20 I -45 0-34 I-OO 2-00 — — — — — — — 1-50 9-35 935 0-56 0-29 0-80 — — — — — — — — 1-77 1 1-40 II-IO 0-66 0-32 I-IO 2-84 3-50 3-74 o-g6 6-92 3-IO — — 2-23 9-28 goo 1-34 0-26 0-80 1-87 2-60 2-76 o-6g 4-g8 2-48 — — I -go 7-05 6-8o 0-40 0-17 0-50 1-48 1-80 1-94 0-51 — — — — 1-50. «-75 8-30 0-38 0-35 0-60 i-g2 2-35 2-46 o-6g 4-60 2-l6 — 1-48 g-os 8-50 0-45 — — i-gi 2-35 2-66 0-76 5-02 2-30 — — — 8-65 8-40 1-40 0-22 0-45 1-70 2-45 2-56 o-6g 4-40 2-02 — — 1-40 8go 8-60 0-55 0-30 0-80 1-68 2-50 2-65 0-68 4-69 2-33 — — 1-54 1 1 80 1 1 -20 1-85 0-90 2-70 3-42 3-58 o-g8 6-50 3-04 — — 1-87 8-10 7-70 0-5S o-ig 0-60 1-54 2-27 2-46 0-61 3-7S — — — 1-44 8-85 8-30 1-42 026 0-75 1-65 2-30 2-42 0-70 3-84 i-8g — — 1-47 "■55 10-80 1-74 0-23 o-6o 2-38 3-30 3-68 o-g2 6-30 2-74 — — 2-05 11-50 11-00 0-70 0-36 I-oo 2-13 2-75 2-87 0-83 5-45 2-go — — 2-16 9-35 8-90 0-5S 0-28 0-75 1-92 2-6l 2-75 0-75 5-i8 2-si — — 1-88 9-05 8-6o 1-50 0-31 0-80 1-78 2-36 2-44 0-67 4-30 2-10 ~ 1-84 9-45 8-80 1-40 0-17 0-85 i-gi — — — — — — — 1-64 10-35 9-go o-6o 0-70 2-00 2-80 2-94 0-78 — — ■ — — 1-95 10-15 9-60 i"35 0-34 1-25 2-20 2-go 3-07 0-81 — — — — I -go 8-55 7-80 1-38 0-23 1-07 I -80 2-34 2-48 0-66 — — — — 1-65 9-30 8-8o 0-60 0-25 0-85 1-65 — — — — — — — 1-37 8-90 — i-oo — 1-78 2-35 2-45 0-70 4-10 2-o8 — — — 1 1 -00 lO-IO o-6o 0-27 0-85 2-40 3-40 3-58 0-95 6-96 3-i8 — — 2-25 8-30 8-IO 1-35 0-28 0-85 1-74 — — — — — — 1-40 1-46 8-80 8-65 0-50 0-27 0-80 1-62 — — — — — — — - 975 — 1-30 — 1-85 2-50 2-68 0-74 ~ 8-65 0-I7 0-5S 1-60 2-20 2-35 0-59 4-00 I -go — — — 9-35 8-85 0-50 0-24 o-go 2-00 2-63 2-73 0-78 4-80 2-23 — 1-55 8-60 8-30 0-50 0-22 o-8o 1-94 2-2g 2-41 o-6i — — — — 9-10 8-75 0-55 o-ig o-go 1-85 2-49 2-64 0-68 — — ■ — 1-70 8-30 7-90 1-20 0-21 o-go 1-65 2-26 2-38 0-63 3-98 I go — 1-95 I -60 10-10 9-93 0-50 0-24 0-82 2-12 2-65 2-74 0-75 — — — 1 1 00 10-45 0-79 0-22 i-io — — — — — — — 2-35 10-85 1-60 0-38 I -25 2-20 — — — ■ — — — 2-05 12-00 11-40 0-60 0-31 o-go 2-40 3 -20 3-45 0-83 — — — 2-45 8-65 8-10 I -00 0-28 1-20 i-8g 2-40 2-45 0-68 4-28 2-12 "" 1-55 8-40 7-90 1-40 0-28 I-oo — — — — — — — — i-ss 1-68 8-90 8-10 0-35 0-23 1-05 1-70 2-27 2-38 0-59 4-25 1-93 — 9-55 8-95 1-45 o-2g o-go 2-10 2-67 2-87 0-68 — — — 1 75 8-10 — — 1-70 2-20 2-35 0-59 3 94 1-71 — 8-50 8-00 0-50 0-25 0-95 1-65 2-26 2-37 0-70 4-34 1-93 — I -60 8-40 7-55 1-35 0-23 0-90 1-67 — — — — — I -50 9-75 — 1-97 2-6s 2-73 0-70 4-60 2-15 — 8-85 8-15 0-50 0-24 0-95 1-87 2-40 2-49 0-64 4-10 — 4-00 1-45 905 8-8o 0-50 0-36 1-30 2-08 2-65 2-82 0-69 — — — 2-93 1-60 g-oo — — — 2-02 2-65 2-82 4'4S 2-10 ~ 11-30 10-65 0-70 — 1-35 2-30 3-00 3-10 0-86 — — — — 2-IO 1-65 1-67 goo 8-50 1-35 0-23 I-oo 2-00 — — — — — — — 9-50 goo 1-30 0-ig 1-20 2-00 2-70 2-82 0-74 — — — 2-92 8-25 7-60 1-20 0-21 o-go I -go — — — — — . 1-50 — — 0-22 0-70 1-70 2-35 2-52 0-66 — — — 8-65 8-30 0-5S — I-oo 1-78 — — - — — — — 1-50 8-80 — — — — 2-42 2-57 — 4-40 2-08 — 8-95 8-25 0-50 0-39 1-40 ^V — — — — — — I-S3 g-io — — 1-87 2-45 2-54 0-70 — — — — 8-90 — — — I -So 2-60 2-66 0-68 496 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u .9- c C3 Date ffl S Z Se.\ CU a" .-TJ 3 «5 n C <* 124s Male 24-70 4-65 5-05 5-30 II-OO 1-30 5-60 — 670 2 1246 Female 25-10 4-70 — 5-40 11-45 1-30 5'6o 1-25 Tl° 3 .. 1247 Female 23-15 4-52 — 4-90 10-15 — — 1-35 6-8c; 3 .. 1248 Female 26-00 5-18 — 5-81 12-01 1-50 6-o8 1-41 7-iS 3 .. 1249 Male 25-65 4-98 — S-56 "•57 1-39 5-75 105 7-32 3 .• 1250 Male 24-40 4-82 — 5-30 10-82 1-31 6-22 I-IS 6-76 4 .. I25I Male 22-00 3-78 — 4-25 90s i-iS i-ii 6-65 4 .. 1252 Female 26-20 5-°5 — 5-57 11-50 1-27 6-45 1-30 7-20 5 M 1253 Female 25-45 4-90 — 5-41 11-05 1-37 6-22 1-34 7-03 5 .. 1254 Male 24-20 4-93 5-45 9-20 1-43 5-64 1-27 6-97 Tail missing, measurement to stump. MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 497 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CO to 3 •a S ,; u 5 l> ^ *- o-S CO c^ u c S = < £! .1 (4-1 c — 4-* (/i H •a.S' 1 C •0 rt 3 3 S Z 3 3 S ^S 2 CO c" CC c CC ° s Oj2 g. & .2" "'" C u »> - 3 &^| — OS M tS .S"S -c 2 -r u ^ JJT3 " i m Si H GO ci._2 .ax E J2 O.C - (J u 3 fa m 5; 01 I; 3 OJ ■Si, >. to tf) ^-H X. a e 8 0*0 +- 4) I- C «) ij *-> m x2 2 c ■S ° |o1 '^ (U c g. « o 3 Z 3 to 2 g,c« m « j; c ?! = "si t-. M « u a .0. E "30 — g ^ -. E'? •a u ai 4j y3 - 7i II-OO 10-25 0-58 0-20 1-50 2-32 _ 6-78 3-00 — — — IO-97 10-56 1-80 0-33 i-iS 2-57 — — — — — 2-34 ii-6s io-g8 0-63 — 3-11 3-48 3-74 — 11-27 — 1-15 — — 2-55 3'59 3-67 0-99 7-05 3-00 10-65 9-89 0-65 0-15 1-35 2-34 — — — — 2-42 11-70 11-00 o-6o — — 1-08 7-15 2-8s — 11-00 0-55 0-33 I -00 2-34 — — — 6-80 6-35 6-18 — — — 2-00 io-g8 10-97 9-83 10-29 I-I5 i-8i I -00 0-30 1-53 2-53 2-13 2-41 3-43 3-07 3-27 3-53 3-22 330 0-94 o-8o 0-97 2-go — — 2-20 11-00 10-80 1-74 0-27 I-I5 2-38 3-21 3-36 o-8g 6-29 2-70 — 2-20 2-52 11-70 II-IO 1-75 0-42 — 2-69 2-76 10-40 — 0-41 — — 2-65 3-05 3-21 0-73 5-70 — 10-80 1-03 — — 2-31 3-42 3-75 0-90 625 — 11-41 10-83 1-68 0-34 i-io 2-47 3-27 3-58 0-78 6-57 — — 2-23 11-09 10-70 1-35 — 2-56 3-39 3-58 0-87 6-51 6-25 2-84 2-80 — 2-26 10-20 9'53 I 62 — 0-94 2-43 3-25 3-32 og4 11-05 11-88 l-IO — 2-15 3-08 3-16 0-83 — 2-98 — 11-17 0-70 — 1-40 2-43 3-11 3-20 0-88 6-05 6-55 2-78 2-84 — 2-44 10-91 1-23 0-29 1-27 2-90 3-24 3-45 o-go 10-98 10-79 10-08 0-54 0-55 0-30 o-8o 0-80 2-16 2-20 2-92 3-05 0-85 — — — — 1-83 11-20 10-20 0-50 0-26 I -00 — — — — — — 2-OS II-20 059 — — 2-24 3-24 3-37 0-89 6-74 2-61 — 12-30 10-64 11-50 9'95 0-60 1-43 0-33 1-18 '•85 2-85 2-55 3-68 3-85 — 7-45 3-31 — — 3-02 2-15 2-2g 10-75 10-00 1-92 0-38 1-30 2-42 3 49 3-65 I -00 7-08 IO-7S 10-75 0-63 0-37 1-60 — — — 2-g7 2'75 10-82 i-io — 2-6s — ~~ 1 1-40 IO-3S 10-82 11-80 11-52 10-35 9-72 11-15 I -45 1-50 0-98 1-20 0-97 0-32 0-36 0-34 0-18 I -00 1-30 I-I4 1-15 0-90 2-47 2-61 2-25 3-37 3-33 3-50 3-47 0-93 0-88 6-08 6-50 2-73 — — 2-10 2-44 2-4S 2-09 11-00 0-50 0-27 0-80 2-55 3-30 3-47 0-80 6-05 6-00 2-60 2-60 — 11-20 — — 2-30 3-25 3-43 o-go ~ 10-30 — — — — 2-00 — — ~~ " 0-75 2-50 2'7S 1 1-40 — 0-5S 0-27 I -45 11-00 11-80 "•35 ii-iS 11-85 10-50 11-30 0-7S 1-60 0-69 1-65 0-43 0-42 I -00 1-37 1-23 2-45 2-60 2-40 2-22 2-45 3-45 3-00 3-45 3'78 3-18 3-60 0-98 0-84 1-03 6-43 6-20 630 2-80 2-g6 2-8o — — 2-35 2-20 2-30 2-45 2-35 2-60 10-55 10-40 1-50 0-70 o-go 2-83 3-55 3-75 0-95 11-20 10-90 0-70 0-33 1-20 2-35 3-58 3-75 0-90 0-89 6-40 2-gi 11-85 10-80 0-70 0-3S 1-25 2-65 3-45 3-63 6-90 11-35 10-40 o-6o 0-32 I -25 2-71 3-60 3-93 ~ 3-30 10-20 1-00 2-20 3-20 3-35 0-81 5-65 2-75 — — — 10-85 9-80 0-65 0-34 fi5 2-58 3-70 3-8g 1-08 0-89 6-00 6-05 4'4S 11-47 10-20 9-20 0-65 0-34 I -00 2-55 3-23 3-45 3-00 8-85 1-05 0-50 0-23 0-60 2-45 1-75 3-10 2-47 3-28 2-59 o-go 0-67 3-00 2-35 — — I -85 2-20 10-00 10-35 I i-io 9-30 g-65 1-64 1-85 0-75 0-40 o-8o o-go 2-70 2-30 2-82 3-25 3-38 0-87 o-g6 5-27 6-70 2-65 2-go — — 2-20 11-00 10-50 0-70 0-33 I-IO 2-54 — 2-IS 11-30 IO-S5 1-90 0-25 1-20 2-50 3-30 3 49 0-94 31-2 500 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date n P Sex u % 3 C t- c C3 sic C3 « 3 q=; < IE ca 3 fu It H3 ■^ u a bo .S-c g. P'o III "1.2 fe.S 1926 24 Dec. 1319 Male 24-14 — 4-40 — 4-95 10-50 1-32 — I-I5 7-00 24 „ 1320 Female 26-90 — S-25 — 5-60 — — — 1-45 7-50 24 .. 1321 Male 24-20 — 4-65 — 5-00 10-00 1-32 — 1-20 — 24 .. 1322 Male 24-75 — 4-60 — 5-20 — 1-40 5-90 1-20 6-90 28 „ 1323 Female 26-05 — 5-20 — 5-40 10-80 — — 1-32 7-60 28 „ 1324 Male 24-S5 — 4-30 — 4-75 10-00 1-30 6-20 1-36 7-60 28 „ 1325 Male 24-80 — 4-75 — 5-30 10-60 1-35 s-98 1-20 6-8o 28 „ 1326 Male 23-60 — 4-45 4-80 4-90 10-40 1-45 — 1-30 6-go 28 „ 1327 Female 26-70 — 4-80 — 5-40 1 1 -80 1-45 6-30 1-37 7-45 29 .. 1328 Male 23-90 — 4-10 4-70 4-83 10-40 1-29 — I -25 7-00 29 » 1329 Male 2475 — 4-70 5-10 5-45 11-22 1-37 5-95 1-22 7-30 30 >. 133° Male 25-00 — — — 5-25 — — — 1-47 6-47 30 .. 1331 Female 22-75 — 4-05 4-30 4-45 9-60 1-17 5-SS 1-08 6-65 30 .. 1332 Male 23-SS — 4-60 — 5-10 11-30 1-35 — 1-25 6-50 30 .. 1333 Male 26-00 — 5-30 — 5-70 — 1-50 S-90 I-2S 7-15 1927 3 Jan. 1334 Female 24-90 — 4-45 — 5-25 II-IO 1-30 — 1-25 7-20 3 .. 1335 Female 25-7S — 4-80 — 5-55 11-20 I -00 5-95 1-40 7-00 3 .. 1336 Female 25-90 — 5-1S — 5-70 10-90 — 5-90 1-40 7-30 4 .. 1337 Female 25-60 — 4-50 — 5 -OS 11-00 1-32 — 1-32 7-30 4 ., 1339 Male 22-65 — 4-15 4-43 4-54 9-45 — 5-70 1-08 6-70 4 .. 1340 Male 25-80 — 5-25 5-46 5-58 11-35 — 6-35 1-40 7-40 S .■ 1341 Male 25-40 — — — 5-35 1-37 — 1-25 — 5 .. 1342 Female 23-90 — 4-20 4-60 4-80 10-35 1-28 — — 5 .. 1343 Female 26-40 — 4-75 — 5-40 1-40 6-40 1-30 7-60 5 ,■ 1344 Male 24-85 — 4-50 — 5-15 10-75 — — 1-20 7-20 S ,, 1345 Male 22-75 — — — — — 1-38 5-45 i-iS 6-30 6 „ 1346 Female 26-15 — 4-75 — 5-40 10-70 1-40 5-75 1-30 7-35 6 „ 1347 Female 21-70 — 3-60 — 4-10 8-90 1-20 560 1-05 6-25 6 ., 1348 Female 26-10 — S'oo — 5-60 11-20 — 6-00 1-35 7-40 7 >, 1349 Female 22-go — 4-50 — 5-00 — 1-24 — 1-20 6-60 7 ., 1350 Male 23-05 — 4-50 — 4-80 — 1-30 5-40 1-20 6-40 7 ,. 1351 Male 24-90 — 5-00 — 5-35 — 1-44 6-05 1-50 7-10 7 ,, 1352 Female 22-40 — 4-20 — 4-65 9-70 1-23 5-35 i-io 6-60 8 „ I3S3 Female 25-20 — 4-50 — 5-00 11-25 1-25 — 1-30 7-40 9 ,. I3S5 Female 23-40 — 4-10 — 4-75 i°-35 S-90 IIS 7-00 9 .. 1356 Male 24-90 — 4-30 — S'OO I i-io 1-35 — 1-13 6S0 9 .> 1359 Female 25-35 — 4-75 — 5-20 10-90 1-40 6-00 1-20 7-15 9 >. 1360 Female 24-50 — 4-70 — 5-24 10-70 1-30 5-63 1-20 680 9 „ 1361 Female 26-05 — 5-00 — 5-60 1 1 -75 1-45 605 I -25 7-10 10 „ 1362 Male 19-10 — 4-00 4-37 4-40 7-95 1-07 — 0-90 5-70 1° .. 1363 Female 25-85 — 4-60 5-30 11-20 1-35 6-50 I-IO 7-30 10 ,, 1364 Male 23-50 — 4-25 — 4-70 10-30 I-3S — 1-30 6-90 10 „ 1366 Female 24-40 — 4-25 4-80 4-95 10-30 1-30 6-is 1-33 7-00 10 „ 1367 Female 26-20 — 5-10 — 5-75 11-20 1-35 6-35 1-30 7-25 10 „ 1368 Female 26-20 — 4-65 — S-25 10-90 1-25 6-15 1-30 7-35 12 „ 1373 Female 26-15 — 5-40 — 5-90 II-IO 1-45 — 1-22 7-40 12 „ 1374 Male 25-50 — 4-20 — 4-95 10-60 1-35 6-00 1-00 7-00 12 ,, 1375 Female 20-90 — 3-50 4-00 4-20 9-10 1-07 — I-IO 6-30 12 ,, 1376 Male 18-90 — 2-80 — 3-37 7-60 1-02 4-85 I -00 S-75 15 „ 1378 Female 26-00 — 4-75 — 5 -40 11-20 1-33 5-85 1-30 7-05 IS „ 1379 Male 17-55 — 2-85 3-10 3-35 7-30 0-96 4-50 0-88 5-40 15 ,, 1380 Female 26-60 — 5-20 5-35 5-50 12-00 1-40 — 1-37 7-30 15 „ 1382 Male 20-30 — 3-10 3-50 3-65 7-95 1-05 5-40 0-9S 605 15 „ 1383 Female 25-65 — 5-50 — 1-35 — 1-27 7-35 IS ,. 1384 Male 20-8o — 3-70 4-05 4-14 9-10 1-12 1-00 6-20 15 „ 138s Female 26-30 — 5-10 — 5-50 — — 6-10 1-23 7-44 17 „ 1386 Male 24-70 — 4-20 — S-05 10-80 I-3S — 1-20 6-S9 17 „ 1387 Male 22-30 — 3-85 — 4-50 9-25 1-25 5 -40 I-IO 6-45 17 ., 1388 Male 25-20 " 4-50 " S-15 10-20 1-32 580 1-33 7-10 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES SOI II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 l4H a ■% o u 3 ^ s „ c ^ ft m (/) fU — w •T3 . C3C c 0*0 M U « rt ■o.e- u Skull length, c( dyle to tip of premaxilla s rt 3 3 s. a Z 3 Notch of flu end of syste: ventral groo Anus to rep tive apertun centres c" S2-S) (31 .a u u P. Flipper, tip anterior end lower borde Flipper, leni along curve lower borde M u .S"5 Severed hea condyle to t I ax: IO-9S _ 3-20 3-30 0-82 6-10 2-70 — — 12-55 — 0-80 — — • — — — — — — — — io-6o — — — — 2-30 3-18 3-33 0-85 6-20 2-90 — — lo-go 10-40 I -60 0-33 1-25 — — — — — 2-40 12-10 — 0-50 — — 2-60 3-iS 3-30 0-90 6-60 3-10 — — 1 1 65 11-25 0-65 0-31 1-36 2-43 3-08 3-18 0-81 5-80 2-70 — — 2-15 io-8o 9-75 1-65 0-20 1-30 — — — — 6-40 3-10 — — 2-20 io-6o 1-05 — 2-74 3-30 3-35 0-98 6-05 2-90 — 11-85 11-40 0-70 0-30 1-45 — — — — ■ — — — 2-4S 10 -go 1-15 0-13 o-6o 2-20 3-20 3-35 0-90 5-88 2-95 11-15 10-90 i-6s 0-22 0-80 2-65 3-05 3-24 1-03 — — — — 2-10 1 1 -So — — — 2-60 3-25 3-45 — — — — 10-50 9-80 0-65 0-21 I-IO 2-10 — — — — — — I -95 9-90 9-30 1-60 — — — — — — — — — 11-50 II-OO 1-95 0-27 I-IO 2-55 ~ ~ ~ 11-45 0-70 — 2-55 3-34 3-45 0-90 6-3S 3-20 — — — I i'5o io-8o 0-70 0-30 1-50 — — — — — — — 2-40 I IIO 10-30 0-60 0-23 1-35 2-30 3-10 3-20 I-oo 6-80 3-30 — — 2-20 "•55 0-60 2-43 3-33 3-47 i-oi 6-20 2-86 — — I 98 10-50 10-00 I -So 0-34 I-IO 1-90 — — — 5-40 2-66 — — 1 1 -60 — 1-35 0-7S 2-35 — — — ~ 0-50 0-36 090 — 3-40 3-55 0-87 5-80 2-70 — — — 11-70 10-80 0-70 — 1-30 — — ■ 6-60 2-50 — — 2-30 II-IO — — — I-IO 2-43 — — — — ~ 10-30 9-40 1-70 0-28 I 60 — — — — — — — — 2-30 1 1 -60 1 1-30 0-65 0-20 I-IO — — — — 6-65 3-IO — - — 2-05 10-10 9-05 o-6o 0-30 0-80 2-05 2-75 2-80 0-80 5-15 2-SO — — 2-IO 1200 11-40 0-7S 0-29 1-40 — — — — — — — 2-40 10-50 — 0-60 — — — 3-i8 3-30 0-90 6-00 2-80 — — " — i°-45 — — — i-i8 — — 5-60 2-65 — — ^ II-IO 10-10 I -So — 1-30 — 3-3° 3-42 0-95 6-65 2-75 - — — 2-25 10-10 lO-OO 0-70 0-30 i-iS 2-30 — — — — — — 2-00 11-40 — 0-60 031 1-20 2-75 3-32 3 -45 0-90 6-15 2-86 — 1090 — 0-50 0-33 1-30 2-50 — — — 5-80 2-45 ~ 11-15 — 0-22 — 2-6o 3-40 3-65 0-86 — — — — 2'^S 11-30 io-6o 0-75 0-36 0-30 — 3-1S 3-35 0-90 — — ■ — — 10-85 9-90 0-60 oig i-oo 2-37 — — 0-95 6-70 2-90 — — 2-30 1 1-40 10-40 0-75 0-40 1-40 3-60 3-80 I -08 — — — — 2-30 9-00 — i-io — — 2-07 2-75 2-8s 0-78 4-65 2-30 — — 11-50 1 1 -00 0-60 0-35 1-20 2-68 3-50 3-85 0-QO 6-55 3-20 — — 2-65 lo-So — I-IO 0-26 1-25 2-45 3-39 3-63 0-91 5 90 2-40 — — 2-25 11-25 10-50 0-70 0-34 I-IO 2-50 326 3-50 0-87 6-10 2-6o — — 2-20 1 1 -60 10-95 0-70 0-43 I-IO 2-75 3-60 3-80 0-94 6-go — — — 2-50 11-30 10-90 o-8o 0-35 1-30 2-54 3-40 3-70 0-87 6-35 3-00 "" 2-IS 11-65 0-65 — — 3-00 3-45 3-75 I -02 7-00 3-20 — — — 10-75 10-30 1-70 — 1-55 2-45 3-25 3-40 092 6-50 3-IO — — 2-34 9-55 — 0-45 0-21 o-8o 2-17 2-75 2-90 0-70 S-20 2-45 — 1-80 9-70 9-10 1-52 0-22 090 — — — 4-23 2-12 — 1115 10-45 0-70 0-30 1-55 — — — — ' 1-60 8-40 8-10 1-30 i-oo 1-70 — — — — — — — — 0-62 — 2-50 3-65 3-87 1-04 — — — — 9-SO 9-10 I-3S 0-45 0-19 I-IO 1-65 = - — — — 2-00 9-65 9-15 0-65 0-18 1-05 2-10 " ~ 1 1-50 11-00 0-66 0-32 1-30 — — — — — — — 1 1 -co — 1-20 2-50 3-28 3-34 0-89 6-is 3 -OS — — 10-30 9-90 1-55 0-26 0-95 — S-So 2-7S — — 1-95 11-45 10-35 I -6s 0-37 0-95 2-55 502 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 1 CQ i) -q' a 'Si tJDtr- C3 Date Sex 4-0 M C a'*' .-a 3 ,, s, ^ 0) 3 >, w 3 3 £ S J3 ■5 z S cJi c M n^ c ;- OT ■- I--S ■^c ^4-1 S ■ A f^ cfi cfi ^^ V} i/i OJ 1397 Female 27-75 5-20 — 5-8s 11-90 1-64 6-80 1-35 7-90 21 ,, 1402 Male 24-00 — — — — — — — — 21 ,, 1403 Male 25-20 4-65 — 5-30 10-40 1-30 5-70 1-25 6-85 21 „ 1405 Female 19-20 2-90 3-30 3-45 8-30 I -00 5-03 0-90 6-05 21 ,, 1406 Female 25-30 4-90 5-45 lo-go 1-30 1-25 7-50 21 ,1 1407 Male 24-00 4-30 — 5-95 10-40 1-50 5-55 I-20 6-55 21 ,, 1408 Female 23-10 — 3-90 — 4-65 9-95 1-27 5-62 1-25 6-70 22 „ 1409 Female 24-50 — — 5-35 11-40 1-34 — I-I7 6-25 22 ,, 1410 Male 22-60 4-00 — 4-50 9-45 1-29 5-50 1-07 6-20 22 „ 14U Female 2^-70 4-55 — 5-1S 11-00 1-50 5-8o 1-25 7-35 22 „ 1412 Male iS-45 2-95 — 3-55 7-65 — 4-40 I 07 5-65 23 ,. 1417 Female 28-00 5-25 — 5-75 11-40 1-46 1-35 7-80 23 .. 1418 Female 26-50 4-90 — S-7S 11-40 1-35 6-15 1-25 6-42 23 >. 1419 Female 25-25 4-75 — 5-40 11-05 1-35 — 1-30 7-00 23 „ 1420 Male 23-90 4-45 — 5-30 10-50 1-20 5-30 1-40 6-50 23 .. 1421 Male 22-95 4-30 — 4-90 10-50 1-28 5-30 1-20 6-30 24 ,. 1422 Female 25-10 4-65 — S-io 1-40 6-15 1-25 7-25 24 .. 1423 Female 26-10 5-30 — 5-75 12-05 1-47 5-95 1-35 7-15 24 - 1424 Male 23-90 4-60 — 4-95 — 1-30 1-23 6-45 25 „ 1425 Female 25-70 490 — 5-25 11-60 1-45 — 1-40 7-7° 25 .. 1426 Male 25-40 4-90 — 5-40 1 1 -00 1-55 5-60 1-23 7-00 25 >■ 1427 Female 25-60 4-60 — 5-40 "■35 1-40 — I-3S 6-90 25 „ 1428 Male 23-70 4-00 — 4-70 10-00 1-37 5-40 1-20 6-35 25 „ 1429 Female 22-55 3-75 — 4-45 9-50 1-17 5-50 1-20 6-55 25 .■ 1430 Male 23-80 4-10 — 4-70 10-20 1-24 5-35 1-18 6-90 25 „ 143 1 Male 25-35 4-70 — 5-45 11-00 1-25 5-56 1-30 7-00 26 „ 1432 Female 25-65 5-00 — 5-45 10-80 1-42 5-45 1-35 6-85 27 .. 1434 Male 19-55 3-55 — 3-85 8-15 0-98 I -00 5-75 27 >, 1436 Female 23-00 4-20 — 4-72 9-90 — 5-75 I-I3 665 27 „ 1437 Male i8-8o 2-95 — 3-45 7-75 I-I7 0-95 — 28 „ 1438 Male 25-00 4-90 — 5-3° 11-25 1-35 6-50 1-25 6-85 28 „ 1439 Female 26-50 — 5-90 I-2S 7-40 28 „ 1440 Female 26-15 4-75 — 5-40 11-50 — 6-20 1-40 7-45 28 „ 1441 Female 25-00 4-50 — 5-00 10-70 1-25 6-20 1-35 7-30 28 „ 1442 Male 19-60 3-15 3-60 3-75 7-90 I -00 — 1-05 28 „ 1443 Male 23-25 4-05 — 4-65 10-00 1-28 5-70 1-20 6-90 28 „ 1444 Male 23-10 4-00 — 4-60 9-80 — 5-80 i-io 6-40 29 ., 1445 Female 19-30 3-00 — 3-62 7-50 i-oo — 1-07 6-00 29 „ 1446 Male 23-90 4-70 — 5-50 10-90 1-35 5-85 1-30 6-50 29 ,. 1447 Female 26-90 5-00 — 5-70 — 1-45 6-00 1-55 7-55 30 ,, 1448 Female 26-35 5-05 5-65 5-77 — — 1-30 7-30 30 „ 1449 Male 23-95 4-70 — 5-25 10-90 — — 1-20 — 30 ., 1450 Female 20-10 3-75 3-85 4-20 8-80 1-05 5-20 I-IO 5-75 7 Feb. 1453 Female 25-60 5-20 5-75 11-00 I -41 1-30 6-6o 7 „ 1454 Female ig-60 3-30 3-00 3-66 8-15 1-02 5^8 1-02 6-30 7 .. 1455 Male 23-50 4-30 4-55 4-70 10-10 1-32 5-40 I-18 6-80 7 ,. 1457 Female 18-55 3-23 3-50 3-66 7-85 0-95 4-30 0-96 5-30 8 „ 1458 Male 23-90 4-35 5-05 10-60 1-30 6-60 8 ., 1459 Female 25-00 5-00 — 5-50 11-15 1-40 5-90 1-20 6-65 8 ,, 1460 Male 23-50 4-40 — 5-00 9-95 1-30 5-24 J-25 6-40 8 „ 1461 Male 17-60 2-80 — 3-20 7-25 0-95 4-65 0-95 5-30 8 ,, 1462 Male 25-40 4-55 — 5-10 11-35 1-26 6-30 1-30 7-00 8 „ 1463 Female 23-70 4-30 — 5-00 I0-20 1-43 5-70 1-33 7-05 9 „ 1464 Female 23-40 4-85 S-00 5-06 10-70 1-30 — 1-32 7-00 9 .. 146 s Female 24-60 4-78 4-84 5-04 10-30 1-34 5-80 1-23 6-90 9 „ 1466 Male 24-80 ~ 4-60 ~ 5-35 II-IO ~ I-18 7-15 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 503 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 •s -2 ■a C3 3 3 11 u 3 -0 . u 3 u u > a c C a e-'S-S ^ 73 -TX t/2 S fa's 3I 12-25 0-70 2-71 3-36 3-74 0-98 6-75 3-20 2-60 — — io-6o — I -00 — — 2-17 3-35 375 07s 5-30 — lo-go 10-90 1-90 — 1-55 3-05 — — — — 2-30 9-55 0-95 — — I -go 2-65 — 0-70 4-30 2-25 — 12-45 12-00 0-80 0-15 I-IO 3-00 3-55 3-60 I -00 7-00 3 -20 II 4-10 2-25 10-90 8-SS 0-85 0-30 1-20 2"^5 3-45 3-55 0-99 6-S5 2-95 — — 2-30 9-15 0'33 0-29 o-go — — — — 4-34 2-20 11-65 0-60 — — 2-50 3-5S 3-3° I -GO 6-60 3-iS 10-50 9-45 1-70 0-40 1-25 6-10 2-8s 2-25 10-40 10-30 9-90 10-75 9-45 0-55 0-65 1-60 0-33 0-24 i-io i-iS 2-50 3-00 3-10 o-8o 57° 6-45 6-30 2-70 2-85 — — 2-30 2-10 2-65 1-80 11-60 10-80 0-75 — 1-35 2-55 3-20 3-40 o-go 2-95 8-75 8-35 1-05 0-22 1-3° 1-92 — — — — 12-60 0-75 1-30 2-70 3-60 3-97 1-04 7-10 3-3° 2-80 11-45 10-60 0'75 023 1-20 2-55 3-36 3-79 — — 2-15 11-20 — 0-55 — 2-85 3 -45 3-70 ogs 6-45 2-go 10-40 9-30 1-65 0-I5 1-30 2-50 3-10 — — 6-40 2-80 2-SS 985 9-40 1-70 0-34 1-20 2-60 3-50 380 073 5-90 2-2S 11-65 11-00 0-65 — — — — — — — — — — 2-40 11-20 10-70 0-65 0-38 1-35 2-50 — — 32 ^ 2-SS 2-20 10-15 10-00 1-55 — — — 12-00 0-70 — — 3-00 3-75 3-97 1-03 6-6o 315 ii'55 10-50 1-85 0-36 — — — 6 -60 3-20 2-35 11-30 10-50 0-40 — — 2-50 3-45 3-60 0-92 6-45 2-go 9-80 1-70 0-22 i-io — — — 5-85 2-55 2-25 10-00 9-75 OSS 0-19 I -00 2-26 3-01 3-17 0-82 5-55 2-65 2-20 10-90 i-iS 0-29 I-IO 2-30 3-00 3-20 0-88 5-80 2-7S II-IO 10-60 1-65 0-30 I-IS 2-67 3-46 3-54 0-98 ^ 2-3S 11-20 10-65 0-75 0-29 1-30 — — — — — — — — 2-35 8-95 — 0-82 — 1-97 2-65 2-8o 0-7I — 10-40 10-50 0-70 0-25 I-IO 2-35 3-20 3-44 075 — 27s 2-50 8-50 10-95 7-55 1-30 I -00 1-88 2-5S 2-65 0-69 4-30 2-30 10-40 1-70 0-37 1-35 2-44 3-40 3 60 0-95 6-60 27s 2-40 11-50 10-80 0-60 0-33 1-40 2-60 3-40 — 0-95 6-go 3-10 2-IS 2-60 2-40 H-7S 11-50 1 1-20 10-80 0-65 0-75 0-36 0-24 1-75 1-20 2-60 2-50 Z — — 6-70 6-00 3-10 2-80 — — 9-10 10-75 10-25 1-70 — 1-30 1-65 2-25 3-10 3-25 0-88 — — — — 2-05 10-40 9'7S 1-70 0-31 1-20 — — — — — — — 2-30 9-10 0-50 — 1-77 2-48 2-60 0-74 — 2-80 10-70 10-20 1-75 0-32 1-25 2-55 3-25 3-49 0-95 6-30 2-15 2-60 11-80 1 1-70 0-65 0-20 1-30 — — — 6-go 11-44 — 0-60 — 2-6s 3-40 3-50 o-gs 3-00 — — 0-44 1-30 2-50 — — — 6-50 27s 8 -go 8-40 0-35 0-37 1-25 1-85 2-62 2-77 0-74 — 10-70 0-60 2-30 3-i8 3-36 0-95 7-00 3-00 9-60 Q-OO 0'45 0-36 0-76 2-02 2-59 2-85 0-57 4-53 2-IO 1-77 10-30 g-So 1-60 0-38 0-80 2-45 — ~ 2-SS 8-50 10-70 10-70 8 00 0-50 0-22 0-46 1-92 — — — — — — — 1-55 i-io — — 2-50 3-25 3-48 0-85 6-30 2-go 1035 0-65 0-35 I-IO 2-55 3-50 378 o-gs 6-80 6-30 3-00 — 2-50 10-65 1-15 0-22 0-80 — — — — 2-gs 8-30 7-70 0'75 0-28 o-g4 1-50 2-42 2-50 0-71 4-°5 2-25 2-80 1-70 "•35 9-85 1-70 0-15 1-50 2-25 3-10 3-20 0-87 6-35 10-40 10-30 0'4S 0-25 I-IO 10-60 — 0-60 — 2-35 3-27 3-48 0-85 6-20 2-70 11-05 10-70 0-55 0-37 0-70 2-02 — — — — 2-05 11-45 — 1-20 0-31 0-80 2-66 3-54 3-68 0-94 504 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D. si. 1> 1-^ C3 Date CQ S Sex ^1 .-0 3 ., ° Ml ■ 1493 Female 26-10 — 5-08 — 5-75 — — 1-28 7-10 23 .. 1494 Female 27-70 — 5-00 — 5-60 9-25 1-45 6-87 1-38 8-20 23 .. 1495 Female 19-00 — 2-6s 3-08 3-14 5-40 0-89 5-20 1-03 6-15 24 .. 1496 Female 22-50 — 3-80 — 4-45 9-30 1-12 5-10 1-05 6-70 24 .. 1497 Female 24-30 — 4-65 — 5-10 lo-so 1-30 5-75 1-20 6-85 25 „ 1503 Female 17-10 — 2-65 3-13 3-27 t 0-91 4-30 0-90 5-S0 25 >. 1504 Male 20-40 — 3-60 4-17 8-95 I-IO 5-50 1-08 6-05 26 „ 1508 Male 25-15 — 4-60 — 5-10 10-70 1-29 1-28 7-30 26 „ i5°9 Female 21-25 — 3-70 — 4-30 9-15 I-I2 — 1-15 6-25 27 >■ 1512 Female 35-00 — — 5-20 10-80 — 1-28 6-88 27 .. 1514 Male 17-85 — 2-73 3-12 3-22 7-30 0-97 5-06 1-00 5-70 27 ,. 1517 Female 19-40 — 3-15 3-64 7-93 0-97 5-20 1-03 5 -90 28 „ 1520 Male 25-30 — 4-60 — 5-25 10-50 1-33 5-90 1-25 6-65 I March 1525 Female 25-50 — 4-80 — 5-70 11-30 1-38 6-35 1-25 7-00 3 .. 1532 Male 20-05 — 3-05 3-40 3-S6 8-00 1-07 5-30 1-07 6-17 3 .. 1533 Female 24-45 — 4-33 — 4-90 10-31 1-25 — 1-22 7-20 3 .. 1534 Male 22-35 — 3-86 4-10 4-42 9-89 1-24 5-60 1-20 6-77 4 .. 1538 Female 24-45 — 4-20 — 4-90 10-40 1-20 6-20 1-25 7-00 4 M 1547 Female 26-45 — 5-3S — S-83 11-95 1-37 S-95 1-22 6-95 5 .. 1549 Male 22-50 — 4-20 — 4-58 7-6ot I -20 I-IO 6-30 S .1 1550 Female 25-55 — 4-78 — 5-45 11-40 1-37 6-05 1-25 7-15 5 .. 1551 Male 19-82 — 3-20 3-65 3-75 — 1-05 S-15 1-04 5-95 7 .. 1557 Male 21-70 — 3-90 — 4-45 9-10 1-04 — 1-09 6-03 7 „ 1558 Male 24-45 — 5-10 — 5-50 1 1-20 1-40 5 -70 I -20 6-60 9 .. 1561 Female 24-70 — 5-05 — 5-60 11-50 1-44 5-75 1-28 6-86 9 .. 1562 Male 19-00 — 2-98 — 3-58 7-80 — 0-92 5-80 II ,. 1563 Male 23-70 — 4-IS — 4-60 10-50 1-17 5-70 I-2S 6-85 II 1, 1564 Male 17-65 — 2-45 — 2-91 5-oo§ 0-95 4-60 0-92 5-05 II „ 1565 Male 24-45 — — 5-30 8-60 1-39 5-70 1-26 710 II .. 1566 Female 18-10 — — — 3-67 5-60 0-94 4-68 5-60 12 ,, 156S Male 23-70 — — — 4-95 8-00 — 5-50 6-go 12 „ 1569 Male 23-80 — — — 5-18 S-3S 1-34 5 -40 6-60 12 „ 1570 Male 25-iS — — — 5-55 8-90 1-25 — 6-50 12 „ 1571 Male 24-10 — — — 4-85 8-10 — 5-40 6-90 13 .. 1573 Female 25-23 — — — — — — — 6-62 13 .. 1574 Female 23-70 — — — S-15 8-20 — — 7-15 13 i> 1576 Male 19-86 — — — 4-02 6-45 1-04 4-70 S-87 18 ,, 15S3 Female 26-40 — — — 6-25 9-75 1-45 5-80 6-95 18 „ 1584 Male 16-95 — — — 2-97 5-10 0-92 — 5''5 20 „ 1586 Female 18-30 — — — 3-30 5-65 0-95 4-95 5-85 20 „ 1588 Female 25-50 — — — 5-40 8-50 — 5-95 7-15 21 „ 1593 Female 23-50 — — — 5-10 8-10 1-23 5-30 6-65 29 .. 1600 Male 17-10 — — — 2-77 4-65 0-98 4-50 5-18 29 .. 1605 Female 24-95 — — — 5-35 10-20 1-42 S-96 " 6-98 * Flukes broken off, i m. added to all. f R- 7-i°- L- 7-42- t Measurement taken to the axilla. § Subsequent to this (No. 1564) this measurement -was always taken to the axilla. MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 505 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "o -2 -0 fl ■^ l-l a 3 ax E'o 3 ■n Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres c > c c Pi E Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border 3 1 s"^ q3 > tfl w u-< w nT3 S < s Total 1 snout t flukes Lower tion be snout v« a 0. M oJ! .S-c a P"o 2 Notch poster! tion of fc.E j3 " 01 '5l?7 30 Mar. 1609 Male 25-60 — — 5-12 8-25 1-25 6-30 — 7-50 1 April 1623 Female 26-00 — — — 5-10 830 1-50 6-iS — 7-50 8 „ 1631 Female 25-10 — — — 5-34 8-40 1-30 6-30 — 7-25 8 „ 1632 Male I8-4S — — 2-90 5-25 0-94 4-95 — 5-70 9 „ 1638 Female 19-10 — — — 3-45 6-20 0-94 5-00 — 6-10 12 ,, 1642 Male 18-80 — — 3-37 6-05 0-98 4-80 — 5-70 12 1, 1644 Female 27-50 — — — 5-6s 9-70 1-56 6-65 — 7-So 12 ., 1648 Male 17-75 — — — 3-15 5-50 0-90 4-50 — 5-40 19 „ 1659 Male 18-50 — — — 3-60 5-95 — 5-00 — 565 19 ,, 1661 Male 23-45 — — 5-00 7-85 1-30 5-20 — 6-45 23 .. 1672 Female 19-40 — — — 3-75 6-00 1-06 600 25 ., 1680 Female 19-10 3-60 5-80 I -00 5-00 5-80 MEASUREMENTS OF BLUE WHALES 307 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 « tn 3 as c 2;§ m „ 3 u ^ " S Z a; ;> 3 T3 en n t-> < B u •3 c t/i J^ J3 M C c £ 4) Qj3 g, 2^ Eg| - 3 a M !r; (A T3".S- u M (A « 03 & C U ► **- j: •a eg a 3 0. C c5 ° 1 1 -60 I2-00 11-40 8-70 9-60 9-05 "•75 8-15 8-8o 10-05 9-20 9-20 — I -60 0-70 0-75 1-30 0-40 1-50 o-6o 1-36 1-45 1-55 0-40 0-4S 0-30 0-34 0-26 0-20 0-24 0-31 0-24 0-20 0-24 0-25 — 2-SS 2-45 2-18 1-80 310 1-73 1-70 2-35 2-is 2-00 — — 0-90 0-99 0-98 0-54 0-70 i-io 0-S9 0-67 o-8o 075 0-72 6-8o 614 6-26 3-65 4-20 4-22 6-94 395 4-45 6-is 4-60 4-45 3-IO 320 2-90 I -So 2-20 1-96 3-°S 200 2-20 2-70 2-35 2-20 — — 2-60 2-6o 1-90 32-2 So8 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K a a'o ■g'.s- .fi- rt en Date Sex |i 0.*- .-0 ^ c °^ s, 3 >, , 57 Female 19-35 0-22 3-65 3-98 3-85 7-95 0-92 4-75 1-05 5-55 27 ,. 58 Female 20-90 — 3-78 4-18 4-28 8-40 I-oo 5-20 I-oo 5-88 27 „ 59 Female 21-25 — 4-15 4-40 4-55 8-75 — 5-52 1-07 5-80 z8 „ 61 Female 21-12 — 4-25 4-58 4-8o 9-10 I-oo 5-20 I-IO 602 28 „ 62 Female 21-40 — 4-20 4-50 4-65 8-70 1-05 5-50 I-I5 600 28 „ 63 Female 20-50 — 3-8o 4-20 4-30 S-6o 0-90 — I-I5 5-90 I Mar. 64 Male 19-10 — 3-65 — 3-80 7-70 — — I-oo 5-60 I ». 65 Male 20-10 — 3-70 3-90 4-10 8-20 I-oo 5-10 0-9S 5-60 I y> 66 Female 19-25 — 3-50 4-00 3-95 7-80 — 4-90 0-85 5-50 I .. 67 Female 22-50 — 4-70 5-IO 5-10 9-60 — 4-85 i-iS 6-00 I M 68 Female 23-30 — — — — — — — I-oo — I „ 69 Male 20-50 — 4-00 — 4-30 8-60 I-oo — l-IO 6-05 I ,. 70 Male 19-70 — 4-00 4-00 4-10 8-10 0-93 4-65 I-oo — 2 ,, 71 Female 19-30 — 3-30 3-75 3-78 7-60 0-91 090 5-80 3 .. 73 Female 22-35 — 4-55 — 5-00 9-go I -05 — I-I5 6-20 3 - 74 Female 21-50 — 4-50 4-75 4-85 920 I-oo 4-95 I-IO 6-10 3 .. 75 Female 21-20 — 4-00 4-20 4-30 860 1-05 5-40 I-I5 600 3 .. 76 Female 20-20 — 4-10 — 4-40 8-40 I-oo — 1-05 5-90 3 .. 77 Female 19-70 — 3-85 4-10 4-20 8-10 I-oo 5-00 1-05 5-70 3 .. 78 Male 18-70 — 3-50 4-00 4-15 8-00 0-95 4-50 o-go 5-20 3 „ 79 Male 20-8o — 4-20 4-35 4-65 8-70 0-95 5-25 1-15 5-90 3 .. 80 Female 21-50 — 4-00 4-05 4-25 8-60 — 5-40 i-io 6-10 9 „ 83 Female 20-00 — 3-95 4-35 4-50 8-45 0-95 5-20 I-oo 5-90 10 .. 84 Male 13-55 — 1-85 — 3-35 — 095 — 0-90 4-30 12 ,, 86 Male 19-90 — 3-7S 4-00 4-10 7-75 0-98 5-00 0-96 5-80 19 „ 97 Male 19-35 — 3-85 — 4-25 8-05 0-99 — 0-93 5 43 21 ,, 100 Male 19-55 0-2S 3-70 3-92 4-15 S-io 0-95 5-00 1-05 5-60 21 ,, lOI Female 2I-O0 4-55 5-15 9-80 1-15 5-03 I-IO 5-50 23 .. 105 Female 18-50 ■ — 3-15 3-60 3-55 7-20 0-85 4-90 090 5-60 23 .. III Female 22-6o — 4-35 4-78 4-90 9-40 i-i6 5-70 I-oo 6-30 25 .. 114 Male 20-20 — 3-70 4-35 4-30 8-30 1-03 — I-IO 5-85 25 .. 118 Male i8-6o ~ 3-30 3-74 3-85 7-70 092 ~ 0-93 6-47 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 509 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 '0 « T3 m „ Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres c P. 2 1 C3 Tj'.e- « c a Notch of flu umbilicus Notch of flu end of systei ventral groo c CO -C u a .a E Flipper, tip anterior end lower borde: Flipper, len| along curve lower borde 2 u .a-s Si". C V M Skull length dyle to tip c premaxilla CL CO u &x .a a c 4)tC hT3 930 93° o-6o 0-50 0-58 5-5° — 8-20 8-20 0-70 0-50 — 1-45 i-8s I -go 0-48 4-58 — — — 9-50 — 1-50 0-50 1-40 — — — — — — — — 8-8o — 0-50 050 I-IO I -6s 2-25 — 0-56 5-35 3-15 — — 8-35 8-00 1-55 0-50 I 20 — — — — 5-3° 2-20 — — 77° 7-40 0-50 0-40 0-95 — 1-60 — 0-50 — — — 8-30 ogo 0-38 o-go 1-50 1-45 2-10 2-II 0-53 — — — 8-70 8-45 I-S5 0-50 I -00 1-65 2-IO 2-20 0-55 — — — 875 8-50 1-50 0-55 1-25 — — — — — — ~ 8-65 8 -co 1-50 052 1-40 1-50 1-80 — °-45 4-95 2-05 — — S-5S 8-20 I -20 o-6o I -00 1-40 2-00 2-20 0-52 — — — — 965 — 065 0-47 I -00 2-25 2-i6 2-18 °-S5 5-21 2-43 — — 9-50 9-40 1-3° — I -20 175 — — — — — — 9-50 — 0-65 — — I -go — — 5-45 2-27 — — 9-35 93° 077 0-48 1-30 1-65 — — — — — — 7-25 0-59 0-4S 1-40 1-50 — — — — — 9-50 960 0-85 0-50 1-50 i-8s 2-58 2-67 0-64 5-65 2-47 — — 8-45 8-45 0-50 0-35 o-8o 1-55 I -go 2-00 0-43 4-55 '15 — — 7-20 o-go 1-25 1-60 1-77 0-43 3-45 4-65 1-80 2-IO 9-40 9-00 170 0-35 3-80 I -70 — — — — — — lo-oo — 0-50 0-50 I -60 2 00 3-00 3-5° 0-65 5-90 2-40 — — — — o-6o — — 2-00 — — — 6-40 — — 910 910 1-52 0-52 I-20 1-70 — — — S'oo 2-20 — — 1025 9-go 0-70 0-48 1-20 2-i8 — — — — — — — — o-8o 0-42 0-9S — — — 5-50 2-45 — — 9-50 — i-io 0-42 1-30 i-g2 2-40 2-42 o-6o 575 2-25 — — 900 8-52 0-S5 0-53 i-oS 1-75 2-20 2-28 0-56 4-92 2-l6 — — 914 S-72 0-47 0-S5 0-97 1-20 2-35 2-40 0-53 S-20 2-20 ~ ~ — 8-70 °-55 0-48 I -co — — — — — — — — — 9-65 9-30 060 060 I-I5 I -So — — — 57° 2-30 — — 2-40 9-3° 8-90 o-6o 0-50 1-25 175 — — — — — — — 2-35 9-30 — 0-55 — — 1-65 2-20 2-35 0-55 5-23 2-16 — — — 8-85 — 0-95 — — 1-40 2-27 2-33 °-55 — — — — — 8-95 8-6o 1-50 0-62 1-30 1-40 2-20 2-25 0-S3 5-3° 2-l6 — — — 8-90 8-40 0-3S 0-53 0-95 1-40 2-15 2-17 0-52 4-go 2-00 — — 1-87 9-95 9-20 o-6o 1-20 1-50 o-6o 5-80 2-40 — — 3-00 960 — 1-05 — — 1-70 — — — 5-50 2-6s — — — — 0-50 I -05 1-50 2-30 3-60 0-61 — — — — 2-25 9 00 — 0-50 — 1-50 — — 4-60 1-85 — — g-6o — °'5° — — I -So 2-6o 2-70 0-68 6-00 2-30 — — 1000 95° 060 0-49 0-92 I -go 2-28 3-05 0-62 5-85 2-30 — — 175 9-65 9-20 0-65 0-55 1-20 1-80 — — — — — 17s 8-90 — 0-35 — — 1-40 2-00 — 0-60 5-40 216 — — 8-85 8-70 0-40 0-68 i-io 1-50 2-O0 2-05 °-53 5 -20 2-15 — — 1-80 8-55 8-00 0-67 0-50 I -00 1-70 — — 5-00 2-30 — — 1-90 9-35 g-oo 1-40 0-50 I-I5 1-80 2-15 2-20 °-57 5-50 230 — — 2-30 9-80 — 0-50 0-50 I-IO 1-60 2-40 2-42 0-50 5-20 2-20 ~ 2-15 920 875 0-50 °-55 I-IO I -85 2-25 2-30 0-55 5-5° 2-05 — — 2-OS 6-95 — 0-85 — — — 1-40 1-50 0-45 3-00 1-22 — — 9-10 g-oo 1-30 0-55 I-IO 2-15 2-IO 2-18 o-si 5-60 2-00 — — 2-00 8-65 — 1-20 i-oo i-6o 2-25 2-2g 0-51 5-25 2-05 — — 9-00 — I 00 0-5S I -08 1-45 2-IO 2-IS — 4-92 2-30 — — g-io 8-90 0-70 046 I -00 2-10 2-6o 2-70 0-67 6-15 2-6o — — 1-80 8-85 8-40 o-6o 0-46 0-80 1-70 — — — — — — 1-70 990 9-3° 0-50 0-53 I -20 1-70 2-5° 2-s6 0-68 5-90 2-6o — — 2-20 g-io — °-95 — 1-50 — — — — 5''^5 2-05 — — 8-50 ~ o-go ~ 1-50 2-OS 2-07 0-51 4-68 210 ~ 510 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 g .5-° 's'.s- a s C s Date s 2; Sex ii 3 4-> U ^ 3 0) u = s s 3 ^ 2 .2, >, w . 181 Female 22-6o 4-44 — 4-93 9-85 1-15 5-35 1-03 6-38 13 „ 183 Female 22-50 5-00 — 5 -35 1-20 5-30 I-I5 5-8o 13 .. 'fl Female 21-00 — 4-30 4-45 4-70 9-40 1-02 5-10 I 06 576 13 .. 186 Female 21-70 — 4-00 4-23 4-50 9-10 — 1-07 6-10 13 „ 187 Female 18-00 3-15 3-53 7-05 — — 0-94 5-30 14 .. 188 Male 19-75 — 3-40 3-80 3-87 8-00 0-89 — 0-98 5-70 14 „ 189 Male 21-20 4-10 — 4-69 8-73 I -00 4-80 1-07 5-55 14 .■ 190 Female 22-00 — 3-90 4-17 4-30 8-65 1-05 5-65 1-17 6-50 14 ,. 192 Female 18-60 3-50 3-73 3-85 7-7S — 0-90 5-55 14 „ 193 Female 21-70 4-44 4-55 4-65 9-23 — 5-35 I -02 6-05 15 .. 194 Male 19-17 — 4-20 — — i-oo — 15 >. 195 Female 16-70 — 2-90 3-18 3-26 6-65 o-Si — 0-80 5-00 15 .. 196 Male 18-90 3-64 3-80 3-94 S-00 — 4-50 0-98 5-30 IS .. 197 Male 16-75 — — 3-10 3-05 6-55 — — 0-95 4-75 15 ., 198 Female 22-6o 4-70 4-90 5-10 9-60 1-07 5-25 1-16 6-35 17 » 200 Female 24-15 — 4-50 5-02 5-02 10-25 — • — I-IO 6-75 18 „ 201 Female 22-70 4-44 4-80 4-85 9-60 — — 1-15 6-30 18 „ 203 Female 19-25 0-21 3-70 — 4-20 8-23 — — 0-90 5-25 20 ,, 206 Male 20-30 — 3-80 4-20 4-27 8-35 0-90 — 1-02 S-80 20 ,, 207 Male 20-30 — 4-10 4-47 4-46 900 I 03 4-68 0-98 5-46 20 „ 208 Female 20-02 — — — — 7-97 — — I-OI 5-70 20 .1 210 Male 21-70 — 4-15 4-15 4-45 9-05 1-06 S-16 I-IO 6-14 21 » 213 Male 20-55 4-20 4-66 S-83 1-03 4-65 I-oo S-80 21 ,, 214 Female 20-70 3-65 3-95 4-15 8-iS 1-04 5-67 25 .. 217 Female 21-40 — 4-50 — 5-00 9-45 I-IO — I -06 5-90 27 ,. 218 Male 2I-IO 4-07 4-05 4-36 9-10 1-08 — I-IO 6-13 27 „ 219 Female 21-50 4-30 4-84 9-25 0-98 5-25 I-oo 5-95 3° „ 222 Female l8-20 ~ 3-30 3-59 3-73 7-49 0-89 4-57 0-91 5-40 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES S" 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 «4-< rt •0 o w „ 1 3 -a . 1) J3 a c s^. tJi u, 1 T3.S- 1> C w X. rt Notch of flu end of syste ventral groo Anus to repi live aperture centres C 1 Flipper, tip anterior end lower borde Flipper, lenj along curve lower borde M .s-s -0 u M ca OJ l| Skull lengtl dyle to tip ( premaxilla £1, « ax: X. a c — w Q-30 1-05 0-50 1-20 1-80 2-45 2-47 0-62 5-25 2-36 — — — IO-25 — 0-65 0-55 0-95 1-70 2-16 2-18 0-60 S-33 2-12 — — 9-55 9°5 1-60 0-54 1-40 — 2-40 2-45 0-61 5-05 2-07 — — 2-IO 8-55 0-45 i-oo 1-75 — — — 4-48 1-90 — — 930 8-8o I-IO 0-50 I -00 I -go — — — 5-40 2-45 — — 8-00 7-60 1-20 0-42 1-02 I -SO — — — 4-25 1-70 — — 1-70 8-go 8-45 0-50 0-45 I-OO 1-80 — — — — — — — I -go 8-30 8-15 0-65 0-45 I-I5 1-27 — — — 4-79 1-86 — — 1-90 1-65 7-63 7-45 0-53 0-40 I-IO — — — — — 1-98 — — 0-40 — — 1-53 — — — 4-72 8-30 0-80 — — I -65 — — — 4-71 1-98 — — — 8-64 8-56 1-45 — I-oo 1-67 — — — 4-76 — — — 1-96 1-85 g-oo 8-70 1-42 0-45 I-I8 1-40 — — — — — 8-15 8-IO 0-50 0-49 I-IO 1-50 2-05 2-10 0-47 — — — — 1-75 970 g-00 0-62 0-58 0-92 1-55 — — — 515 2-20 — — 1-85 8-77 — 0-48 0-44 0-85 1-85 — — — 5-25 2-20 — — 975 9-25 0-70 0-44 0-85 1-70 — — — — — — — 2-35 g-6o g-io i'55 0-60 1-30 2-18 — — — 6-00 2-55 — — 8-IO 7-90 0-40 0-46 o-go 1-30 — — — — — — — 1-75 970 0-50 — — 1-85 2-50 2-55 0-59 6-10 2-35 ~ 8-32 8-12 ••15 0-42 0-80 1-30 — — — 4-00 I -go — — 1-75 g-go — o-6o — — 1-90 — — — 6-22 2-50 — — — 10-05 9-50 0-52 0-54 I-IO 1-70 2-30 2-40 0-60 5-5° 2-20 — — g-iS 8-75 1-45 0-44 1-00 1-70 — — — 5-05 2-35 — — 2-IO — — — — — 5-50 2-30 — — ■ g-oo — 0-45 — — 1-70 2-40 2-45 0-58 5-35 2-14 — — 10-64 10-30 0-70 0-46 i-og 2-10 — — — 6-20 — — — 2-40 8-30 0-75 — I -20 i-SS — — 0-54 — — — — ' — — 0-90 — — I 54 — — — 4-5° — — — 9-85 9-5° 0-55 0-49 1-20 1-75 — — — 6-00 2-60 -^ 2-II 10-50 10-00 0-55 0-56 I -00 1-85 — — — — — — — 2-IO 7-80 — 0-85 — — 1-45 2-00 2-OS 0-40 4-10 1-90 2-19 10-05 9-55 0-62 0-55 o-go 2-20 2-58 2-63 0-58 6-10 2-34 — 210 943 9-30 o-i;o 0-60 1-40 — — — — — — 2-35 8-45 0-66 0-46 0-90 1-95 2-20 2-23 0-55 5-74 3-10 2*45 2-05 9-70 0-40 — — I -70 — — — — 8-27 — 0-42 — — 1-35 — — — — 8-90 — o-go °-54 I -00 1-67 2-00 2-OS 0-50 4-80 1-80 — 2-o8 9-30 9-15 1-20 0-44 1-20 1-40 — 5-53 2-47 10-10 10-10 0-65 0-50 1-20 1-85 "" 2-iS 8-60 0-50 I -60 2-05 2-15 0-47 4-78 I -go — — — 9-60 9-30 0-60 0-50 1-40 1-70 2-35 2-46 0-56 5 -07 2-20 — 1-99 7-60 — 0-35 — — 1-35 — — 4-06 I -70 — — 8-45 8-20 1-40 0-48 I-OO 1-50 — — — — , 1-92 — 0-72 — — 1-25 1-70 1-73 0-45 3-60 1-67 — 10-30 95° 0-65 0-47 1-24 1-95 — — 6-10 2-47 ■ - — 220 10-40 0-41 i-g5 2-58 2-63 0-63 6-09 2-49 — 10-10 — 0'55 — — 1-83 2-40 2-47 — 6-93 3-30 — 8-43 — 0-50 — — — — 5-60 2-16 ~ ~ g-40 1-07 1-55 — — — 5-14 2-07 — — — 8-90 8-60 1-60 0-45 1-33 1-87 2-45 2-50 — — — 2-00 9-10 — 0-50 — — — — 5-02 2-17 — 10-10 9'50 1-56 0-35 0-85 1-95 — — — — — — 2-22 9-30 8-99 1-55 063 1-40 1-65 — — — 5-60 2-29 — 2-00 9-40 0-S5 — — 1-40 — — — 5-i6 2-02 g-20 — 0-55 — I-I5 194 2-45 2-50 0-65 6-00 2-52 — 9-58 — I -00 — . 1-70 — — 5-32 2-36 — 9-30 8-68 0-57 0-56 I-I5 1-65 — — — — — 2-10 1-89 8-50 8-21 0-70 0-47 I-I5 1-68 512 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S S -q" n. n 4J Date Sex ■it S 3 w C M 4_> a> 3 >i V 3 U IS ^ ^ § •2, >, V) w<*- m (/) 268 Male 20-00 3-70 3-95 4-20 8-6o 0-95 5-05 I-IO 5-60 7 .. 269 Male 20-30 4-00 4-10 4-40 — 1-02 4-55 I -00 5-45 II ,. 273 Female 22-IO 4-30 4-65 4-90 8-65 — 5-20 I-I5 600 17 „ 276 Female 22-45 4-30 4-70 4-80 9-25 1-05 5-55 1-05 6-30 18 „ 277 Male 20-20 4-08 4-36 4-50 8-70 0-98 4-72 0-86 5-35 18 „ 278 Female 21-85 3-85 4-50 8-8o I -00 1-13 6-15 24 .. 279 Male 20-60 4-00 4-30 4-48 8-90 1-02 4-80 I -00 s-70 26 „ 280 Female 22-15 — 4-65 — — — I-IO 6-30 27 ,. 2S1 Female 21-75 4-05 4-30 4-40 8-80 I -06 4-15 I -05 6-20 10 Dec. 283 Male 20-90 3-90 4-33 4-45 8-90 o-gS — I-IO 6-00 14 .. 285 Female 22-90 4-60 4-85 5-15 10-17 i-i8 5-40 I -08 6-10 14 ., 286 Female 22-20 4-45 4-85 9-40 1-14 5-10 I-I7 6-20 14 „ 287 Female 20-30 4-25 — 4-60 8-70 0-95 4-95 i-oo 5-60 14 ., 288 Female 21-40 4-00 — 4-68 9-05 1-12 I-I4 6-10 15 ., 289 Female 22-15 4-25 4-45 4-70 9-25 1-03 — I-IO 6-20 15 ,. 290 Female 23-95 4-80 5-00 5-27 10-25 1-15 5-45 — 6-50 16 „ 292 Female 20Q0 4-10 4-5° 4-65 8-25 o-go 5-15 1-06 5-S0 17 „ 293 Female 22-65 4-62 4-90 4-95 9-65 1-13 5-80 I-IO 6-35 17 ,. 294 Male 20-65 4-00 4-40 4-52 g-oo 1-03 4-88 I -08 5-65 17 „ 295 Male 2o-6o 4-25 4-30 4-48 8-80 I -00 4-70 I 04 5-60 17 ,, 296 Female 21-50 4-30 4-60 4-70 9-20 1-03 5-40 I-I2 6-00 1926 8 Jan. 297 Male 21-10 4-20 — 4-55 9-20 — — I-OO 6-15 8 „ 298 Male 18-75 3-26 3-55 3-70 7-50 0-93 4-50 I 00 5-50 8 „ 299 Male 21-30 3-80 4-37 8-70 i-io 5-10 I -07 6-00 8 „ 300 Female 21-60 4-20 — 4-78 9-56 I -00 4-86 1-20 5-95 8 „ 301 Male 19-20 3-65 3-66 3-95 7-65 0-94 4-65 I 00 5-50 8 „ 303 Male 20-85 4-00 — 4-40 8-8o — 5-04 1-05 6-00 8 „ 304 Female 22-80 4-75 4-72 5-00 9-70 112 5-48 I-IO 6-40 8 „ 305 Male 20-00 3-88 4-i8 8-35 — 4-60 0-93 5-25 8 „ 306 Male 20-70 4-10 4-20 4-48 9-25 I -00 5-15 I-I2 5-90 8 „ 307 Male 19-20 3-40 3-65 3-90 7-67 0-92 4-70 0-95 5-50 8 „ 308 Male 21-70 4-30 4-35 460 g-oo 1-14 5-62 1-07 6-10 9 ., 309 Female 21-70 4-34 4-S0 8-94 I -08 I-15 6-10 9 » 310 Male 20-50 4-10 — 4-50 8-90 I -07 5-35 I-OO 5-60 9 ,. 3" Male 20-40 4-20 4-20 4-60 8-85 1-08 5-90 1-02 5-66 9 .. 312 Male 19-00 3-70 4-13 4-20 8-10 0-9S 5-55 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 513 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 i*-( S •a o s^ •0 2 ,; a" ■a 'S C J3 CO 3 CO M CO 3 (U -0 > a c c ■M a* 1- s i CO cd •5"'° & CO o3 ■^^<^ ° '' ,^ tC tc u --S-2 - 3 u -T3 C 4) tc 13_ •^3 ° £ Z 3 CO C3 w CO X u bo a a ESl ■^ i .B-5 (UT3 M =3 u E D.3 ax _ C5 9-47 7-95 9-05 9-10 8-68 1-58 0-85 0-48 0-50 I -00 1-13 I -SO 1-74 1-55 — — — 4-88 4-86 S-i6 2-20 2-l8 — = 1-70 2*12 8-6o 8-20 1-30 0-53 1-25 1-90 — 7 "4° — 0-23 — 1-33 1-62 I 70 0-50 933 9-16 g-oo 8-80 0-53 1-50 0-60 1-25 1-32 1-74 2-00 2-07 0-62 493 5-47 2-20 2-32 — — 2-38 0-82 — I-S6 1-95 1-98 0-46 4-45 — — ^ 945 9-07 9-10 0-53 1-43 059 1-45 i"i5 — — — — — — — 2-27 2-30 10-15 970 o-6o o-6o 1-30 1-90 8-50 7-90 1-40 1-80 1-55 2-30 2-36 0-58 — — 1-75 8-6o 9-25 8-87 8-70 8-60 0-40 1-43 I 34 0-62 0-48 i-io 1-45 1-80 1-70 1-50 2-06 2-08 o-SS 5 00 4-90 2-20 2-06 — 1-77 2-00 lo-oo 9-10 1-57 0-47 I -00 1-80 2-60 263 0-64 — 9-70 059 0-42 1-05 1-73 2-67 2-78 0-66 6-10 2-42 2-20 960 9-30 0-70 0-48 1-20 1-50 2-30 2-30 0-58 5-50 2-30 2-s8 9-40 0-65 0-60 1-70 1-90 2-60 2-70 0-72 626 1-90 lo-go 10-30 0-70 0-47 1-20 1-93 2-82 2-87 0-63 6-50 2-57 2-15 1-95 9-60 9-20 0-60 0-52 1-40 1-90 2-20 2-27 — 5-40 2-29 9-15 9-20 8-8o 8-8o 1-61 0-52 1-20 1-80 2-30 2-35 0-58 5-45 2-21 — — 1-70 8-70 1-40 i'35 0-65 0'55 1-40 1-50 1-95 2-50 2-60 — 5-IO 2-29 — 1-70 1-70 965 i°'35 0-50 0-45 I-IO — 2-48 2-58 o-6o 5-90 2-32 99° 0-7S 0-38 1-20 1-80 2'^8 — 5-90 2-43 — 2-75 1-90 1-75 8-55 1-65 0-50 1-08 1-73 2-30 — 9-60 0-60 — — 1-65 2-37 2-39 o-6o 1^3 9-20 905 1-60 °'55 0-50 1-40 I-IO 1-75 2-30 2-32 0-52 5-43 5-7° 2-20 2-50 — — 9-80 — 0-60 0-45 I-IO 1-50 2-26 2-33 0-58 5-40 2-22 9-50 lo-oo 1-15 _ 1-82 2-45 2-57 0-60 5-45 2-31 — — — g-60 0-65 0-50 I-IO 2-10 2-75 2-80 0-67 6-10 2-50 1-50 10-30 9-00 990 8-70 0-60 o-6o 0-5S 0-52 1-68 1-35 1-80 1-65 2-75 2-8o 0-67 5 '90 5-55 2-35 2-56 — 2-10 2-IS 9-80 0-65 0-40 I-IO 1-85 — — 065 5-55 10-00 0-55 — I -8s 2-60 2-70 0-61 5-75 2-34 10-15 9'50 10-10 9-00 0-75 0-65 0-65 0-58 1-80 1-30 2-10 1-77 2-6s 2-38 2-68 0-65 0-S5 0-64 0-60 6-30 2-75 — — 2-05 2-00 1-70 1-67 10-08 9-40 0-70 0-53 1-60 1-90 2-55 2-65 2-58 9-40 9-oS 1-60 0-56 1-22 2-00 2-52 9'5° 9-20 1-47 0-59 1-33 1-70 2-43 2-44 0-57 0-61 5-40 2-26 — — 1-76 1-70 9-40 9-30 0-60 0-65 1-35 I -80 2-33 2-4S 9-65 S-50 990 0-85 _ 1-90 2-27 2-32 0-60 5-45 2-08 — — 1-75 2-15 1-70 I -80 1-95 1-90 8-30 9-SS 1-30 1-45 0-60 0-52 0-53 0-38 1-20 I-IO 1-20 1-35 I-7S 2-05 2-10 2-58 2-17 2-70 0-54 0-58 4-55 5-35 5-60 2-10 2-20 2-42 — — 8-80 8-55 1-50 0-38 I-IO 1-40 2-10 2-13 0-55 4-70 2-09 9-60 10-40 9-40 10-25 1-40 0-70 0-47 0-44 1-20 I-I5 1-85 2-00 2-40 2-55 2-41 2-75 0-60 065 5-22 6-00 2-30 2-56 — — 8-95 915 880 1-50 0-54 I -00 1-86 2-17 2-20 0-60 5-15 2-15 9-15 >'35 0'53 0-90 — 2-40 2-43 0-59 5-35 465 2-32 2'00 1-80 8-75 8-50 1-50 0-44 I -00 1-56 2-20 2-2S 0-55 2-20 995 9-70 8-90 965 8^5 1-70 0-70 1-55 0-52 0-54 0-85 1-30 1-75 1-70 1-80 2-45 2-32 0-62 0-60 s'^s S-S4 — — 1-80 1-95 9'32 8-80 1-42 0-53 I-I3 1-70 — — 4-80 S-90 — 1-05 1-80 2-17 2-23 0-57 2-24 33 514 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K (J ^+.1 (U .2* 2.i = 4-> Date S Sex 5 3 is 3 u 3 nj • -i, ^. c/i tfi U-i (0 m OJ , 322 Male 21-60 — 4-20 — 4-70 9-10 i-i8 5-27 1-04 6-20 1° ,, 323 Male 21-45 — 4-10 4-34 4-53 8-95 1-05 I-I7 6-is 10 „ 324 Male 19-50 3-80 — 4-40 8-50 I -02 4-75 0-90 5-20 10 .> 325 Male 21-10 — 4-40 — 4-71 9-20 1-07 5-10 1-12 5-80 10 „ 326 Male 20-40 3-88 — 4-30 8-30 i-io I-oo 5-62 10 ,, 327 Male 20-90 4-25 — 4-51 9-00 1-14 4-95 1-02 5-46 10 >> 328 Male 21-10 — 4-10 4-17 4-40 — I-IO 5-00 I-IO 5-90 10 ,, 329 Male 21-00 3-95 4-12 4-38 8-45 1-03 5-34 0-95 5-95 10 „ 33° Male 21-80 4-17 4-32 4-65 9-25 I-I2 S-27 I -OS 6-iS II .. 331 Female 21-80 — 4-45 4-87 9-40 I-I2 1-05 6-10 II ,, 332 Female 22-35 — 459 4-83 4-98 9-42 I-OO 5-55 I -OS ^■'s II „ 333 Male 20-50 4-04 4-20 4-40 8-58 I -00 5-00 1-02 5-8s II >. 334 Male 21-70 — 4-15 — 4-57 9-30 — 1-12 6-is II ., 335 Female 22-70 — 4-50 — 4-70 — I-I3 5-55 1-14 6-35 II .> 336 Male 20-83 — 415 4-28 4-45 — 1-05 5-25 1-18 5-50 II >. 337 Male 21-20 — 4-30 4-50 4-65 8-80 0-98 5-30 1-06 6-25 II 1. 338 Male 19-50 — 3-70 3-98 4-10 S-45 i-oo 4-95 I-OO 5-55 12 „ 339 Male 20-47 — 4-10 4-28 4-45 8-75 I-I7 5-00 1-08 5-65 12 ,, 341 Male 21-20 3-90 4-15 4-30 8-30 1-04 5-15 I -03 5-40 12 „ 342 Female 23-00 4-37 4-55 4-80 — — 5-47 I-IO 630 12 „ 343 Female 23-00 — 4-60 4-95 5-00 980 1-04 5-45 1-05 630 12 „ 344 Male 20-65 — 4-00 4-12 4-45 8-68 0-98 4-65 I-oo 5-75 13 .. 347 Male 21-75 3-98 4-20 4-48 8-65 1-09 5-30 0-97 5-8s 13 .. 348 Male 20-90 — 3-90 4-00 4-18 8-20 I -05 — I-I5 6-30 13 .. 349 Male 19-25 — 3-75 3-88 4-i8 8-30 0-95 4-80 I-oo 5-40 13 „ 35° Female 23-80 — 4-74 4-93 5-20 I0-20 1-15 5-85 I-I4 6-90 13 .. 351 Male 21-50 — 4-50 4-50 4-70 9-40 1-18 5-28 I-I2 6-2S 13 ,. 352 Female 20-50 — 4-06 4-35 4-56 8-77 I -00 S-14 1-09 6-03 13 .. 353 Male 20-75 — 4-46 4-50 4-77 1-07 5-02 0-95 S-6s 13 - 354 Male 20-34 — 3-85 4-06 4-39 8-60 0-97 4-97 I-IO S-75 13 ■. 356 Male 22-65 — 4-42 — 4-80 9-67 1-16 5-35 1-07 6-40 15 .. 357 Female 21-43 — 4-35 4-53 4-70 9-00 i-ii 5-00 I-I2 6-00 15 .. 358 Female 23-60 — 4-87 5-28 5-32 10-17 1-20 5-70 i-iS 6-30 15 .. 359 Female 21-20 — 4-10 4'5o 4-60 8-80 1-05 5-00 1-05 6 00 18 „ 362 Male 20-85 — 4-25 4-63 4-75 8-90 1-02 — I -02 5-75 18 „ 363 Female 21-90 — 4-40 4-45 4-70 9-20 1-15 5-38 1-08 6-30 18 „ 364 Female 20-00 — 3-92 4-20 4-25 9-00 I -OS 5-04 0-98 5-75 18 „ 36s Male 19-60 — 3-95 4-10 4-45 8-10 0-95 5-00 I-OO 5-55 18 „ 366 Male 20-30 3 90 4-40 4-58 9-00 0-98 4-85 I-15 5-8s 18 „ 367 Male 21-35 — 4-20 — 4-74 8-90 I 05 5-15 1-06 5-90 18 ,, 368 Male 20-70 — 3 -go 4-25 4-43 8-50 1-03 5-08 I -03 S-82 18 „ 3^9 Female 23-10 — 4-65 526 9-80 I-I5 5-68 1-04 6-6o 18 „ 370 Male 21-15 — 4-15 4-48 4-60 9-07 0-95 4-80 1-07 5-90 18 „ 371 Male 20-20 — 3-75 3-8s 4-14 8-48 I -01 4-95 I-OO 5-72 18 „ 372 Male 21-10 4-05 4-37 4-63 7-90 I -00 5-20 0-95 5-75 19 „ 374 Male 20-32 4-20 4-40 4-52 8-54 1-04 — I-IO S-80 19 „ 375 Male 20-30 4-00 4-24 4-40 8-55 0-96 5-00 I-oo 5-65 19 ., 376 Female 22-55 — 4-36 4-52 4-73 9-45 1-05 5-54 I -08 6-20 19 ,. 377 Female 19-60 — 3-80 4-00 4-15 8-15 0-99 4-60 1-03 5-80 20 ,, 380 Male 18-70 — 3-70 3-92 4-10 7-75 0-8S 4-60 0-96 5-36 20 „ 381 Female 22-70 4-92 — 5-67 I-IO 6-30 20 „ 382 Male 20-6o 4-05 — 4-42 8-70 102 1-08 5-70 20 ,, 384 Male 21-30 ~ 4-20 4-38 4-70 9-10 0-98 S-io 0-99 6-05 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 51S II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 w 3 tc 3 as ° s Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres u C Dorsal fin, length of base -2 a u a .S- Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border (A to . u 3 .a 3 Z a cS c ™ C.^ c h ra ^ uS, *? r- Oj ■—1 r-^ (A en ^4-1 m c/i a> • a «.2 fa.S 1" 1926 20 Jan. 385 Male 20-25 3-90 4-18 4-20 8-45 I -00 4-90 I-oo 5-50 21 389 Female 23 90 4-85 — 5-3° 10-30 I-IO 1-20 6-85 21 ,, 390 Female 21-85 4-42 4-64 4-80 945 1-05 5-45 I-I2 5-88 21 „ 391 Male 20-00 3-75 400 4-15 8-30 I -01 5-00 0-98 5-65 21 ,, 392 Male 19-20 3-73 3-88 4-04 8-00 0-90 4-80 0-95 560 21 ,, 393 Male 20-30 4-10 4-37 4-54 8-85 I -06 4-82 1-04 5-65 21 .. 394 Female 22-55 4-55 4-65 4-87 9-40 1-08 5-5° 1-06 6-18 21 ,> 395 Female 2i-8o 4-24 4-30 4-58 8-90 I -08 5-55 I -06 6-50 21 „ 396 Male 20-90 3-80 4-00 4-27 8-40 0-98 5-18 0-96 5-90 21 ,, 397 Female 22-05 4-49 — 4-98 9-80 I-I2 S-35 I-I5 6-08 21 ,, 398 Female 2I-20 — — 4-50 8-70 0-98 5-20 1-05 6-00 21 ,, 400 Male 20-55 3-85 4-18 4-40 8-35 1-03 5-00 0-95 5-80 22 ,, 404 Male 19-70 3-75 — 4-10 7-90 0-93 5-00 0-97 5-77 22 „ 405 Female 22-30 4-50 — 5-00 9-50 1-05 5-30 1-20 6-15 22 „ 406 Female 17-00 3-15 3-50 3-63 6-95 0-84 4-30 0-88 S-IO 22 ,, 409 Female 22-30 4-30 — 4-75 9-60 1-05 5-26 I-IO 615 22 ,, 410 Female 22-30 4-40 4-55 5-00 935 0-90 5-55 I-oo 6-45 23 .. 411 Female 21-85 4-30 4-53 5-70 9-20 I -00 1-05 6-20 23 ., 412 Male 20-30 3-95 4-28 4-46 8-25 0-92 4-85 1-05 5-80 23 „ 413 Female 22-80 4-40 4-70 4-85 9-35 1-05 6-85 I -20 690 23 .. 414 Female 21-90 4-40 4-76 4-76 9-35 1-05 5-73 1-12 610 23 .. 415 Male 21-00 4-20 4-58 4-7° 9-20 1-04 4-87 0-99 5-So 23 .. 416 Male 17-15 2-90 3-26 3-38 6-87 1-04 4-48 0-90 5-15 23 ,■ 417 Male 20-90 3-90 4-07 4-28 8-45 I-I2 5-06 1-08 5-62 23 ,. 419 Male 19-90 3-75 3-95 4-15 8-25 0-9S 4-80 I-OO 5-95 23 .. 420 Female 20-65 3-85 4-10 4-33 8-43 0-99 5-40 I-I3 610 23 -. 421 Female 20-65 4-00 4-16 4-25 8-75 1-02 5-25 1-08 600 23 „ 422 Female 22-83 4-50 4-76 5-°S 9-63 I-I5 5-60 I 02 603 24 .. 423 Female 21-75 4-75 4-97 5-°5 9-55 I-I5 I-OO 5-90 24 „ 425 Female 21-60 4-65 4-85 5-06 9-35 0-97 5-20 I-OO 6-00 24 „ 426 Female 22-45 4-25 4-63 4-81 9-70 I-I3 4-55 1-27 6-40 24 .. 427 Male 21-28 400 4-22 4-37 8-83 1-03 4-90 I-IO 6 -co 24 .. 428 Male 21-35 4-10 4-54 8-90 I-IO 5-30 I-I5 5-95 24 .. 429 Male 21-70 4-35 4-62 4-78 9-10 1-08 5-27 1-19 6-00 24 .. 430 Male 20-20 4-10 4-25 4-50 8-So 1-09 4-82 0-83 540 24 .. 431 Female 21-80 4-15 4-20 4-48 8-75 I-IO 4-80 1-12 6-20 24 .. 432 Female 19-55 3-7° 3-80 4-08 8-10 — 5-15 0-98 5-75 25 .. 433 Female 20-70 376 4-05 4-17 8-30 0-91 1-05 6-10 25 >. 434 Female 18-75 3-25 3-50 3-65 7-30 0-85 — 0-92 5-45 25 .. 435 Male 20-15 3-90 4-20 4-33 8-55 I -01 4-77 I-OO 5-65 25 .. 436 Male 21-40 4-10 4-45 9-10 1-04 — 1-07 6-10 25 „ 437 Male 19-55 3-90 4-20 4-37 ^■"5 i-oo 4-72 I-oo 5-50 25 ,. 438 Male 20-00 3-50 3-80 3-96 8-05 0-99 5-03 0-9S 5-75 25 ,. 439 Male 19-70 400 4-03 4-17 8-30 0-93 4-86 0-96 5-55 25 >. 441 Female 18-75 3-40 3-50 3-75 — 0-95 4-77 I-oo 5-47 25 „ 443 Male 19-10 3-73 3-87 3-95 8-15 0-89 4-43 0-97 5-10 27 „ 445 Male 19-75 3-80 4-00 4-20 8-30 0-95 4-83 I-oo 5-40 27 -. 446 Male 19-50 3-70 4-00 4-22 8-30 1-02 — 0-92 5-45 27 ,. 447 Female 21-00 4-14 4-15 4-38 8-65 I -00 5-06 1-02 602 27 .. 448 Male 20-75 3-95 4-17 4-32 8-06 I -08 5-05 0-96 S-83 27 .. 450 Male 21-35 4-15 4-60 9-35 1-07 5-00 I -OS 5-80 27 .. 451 Male 20-85 3-70 4-17 8-75 1-03 4-96 1-08 5-90 27 „ 452 Female 19-80 3-68 3-9° 4-19 8-29 4-89 0-95 S-65 28 „ 454 Male 20-15 360 4-15 4-19 7-5° 0-89 1-02 5-93 28 „ 455 Male 19-70 3-72 4-05 4-15 8-20 0-96 4-74 0-95 — 29 „ 456 Female 22-57 4-30 4-85 9-55 1-08 i-iS — 29 „ 457 Male 22-30 4-55 4-90 9-80 I -08 5-25 I-IO 6-10 29 „ 458 Male 19-54 4-05 4-10 4-38 8-30 1-00 5-75 1-03 5-45 29 „ 459 Male 20-90 3-90 4-40 9-00 — 4-80 5-90 29 ,. 460 Male 20-45 ~ 4-20 ~ 4-66 8-85 0-97 5-20 1-02 6-00 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 517 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (4-1 — ■g V 3 3 ax SB Z, 3 Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres u > C US c c u= 1 .2- '^ u u D, .& i2 Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border 1 Si Ml S.-S .S-5 xS en — X Skull length, con dyle to tip of premaxilla X . u S3 S a3 E'o C3 X a c ux si 9-30 9-20 1-30 0-48 1-30 1-70 2-24 2-31 0-54 5-53 — 1-95 I IIO — 0-55 — i-oo 2-05 2-76 — 0-65 — — — — 9-55 9-21 0-58 0-51 1-48 1-90 2-53 2-58 0-62 5 -80 2-39 — 2-20 1-85 9-15 8-70 1-40 0-55 1-20 1-70 2-35 2-43 0-58 5-10 2-22 — 8-90 8-65 1-40 0-45 '•IS I -50 2-20 2-22 o-6o 4-80 2-17 — 1-70 1-85 900 8-70 I-I5 0-56 1-30 1-77 2-55 2-6i 0-60 5 45 2-34 — 997 9-90 0-69 046 1-20 1-83 2-50 2-57 0-S9 576 2-42 — 1-95 10-36 io-o8 o-8o 0-47 1-25 1-74 2-38 2-42 0-62 — — — I 90 9-90 9'5o 1-60 0-57 1-55 1-52 2-30 2-37 0-57 5-10 2-06 — I -88 9-50 930 0-47 0-59 1-50 1-92 2-64 273 0-65 6-IO 2-43 ~ 2-33 9-65 9-42 0-77 0-45 1-40 1-50 — — — 5-50 — — — 183 943 9-10 i'35 0-47 1-35 1-65 2-14 2-i8 0-55 5-30 2-16 — 1-92 8-85 8-95 1-48 0-52 I -30 1-62 — ■ — — 5-02 2-05 — 1-70 9-95 9-84 0-70 0-54 1-40 1-90 2-37 2-44 OS9 5-4° — — 7-80 7-80 0-50 0-38 0-9S 1-40 1-85 1-85 0-50 4-36 i-8s — 1-60 970 9-70 075 0-48 1-30 1-80 2-72 2-78 0-63 5-65 2-42 — 2-05 1000 9-8o 075 0-63 1-70 I -80 — — o-6i 5-86 2-24 — 2-00 9'6S — 0-65 — — 1-50 2-20 2-27 0-59 570 2-18 — — 9-26 9-00 1-45 0-42 139 1-80 2-30 2-40 °-55 5-40 — — 1-80 IO-3S 10-40 0-49 1-48 1-80 ■ — — — 575 2-30 ~ 965 9-40 0-60 0-51 1-50 1-87 2-60 2-65 0-S9 577 2-41 — — 2-20 960 9-20 1-50 0-52 1-50 1-86 2-35 2-41 0-56 5-55 2-42 — 1-90 8-20 775 i-io 0-42 1-30 1-28 1-90 1-97 0-43 4-08 1-78 — 1-60 9-45 g-20 1-48 0-50 1-25 1-61 — — — 5-23 2-15 — 175 i-8s 9-10 1-45 0-40 1-40 1-70 2-35 2-45 0-55 5-10 1-95 — 9-40 9-54 0-65 0-35 I-IO 1-70 2-25 2-30 0-50 5-22 2-28 — 1-93 9'3S 9'05 o-6o 0-50 1-40 1-85 2-35 2-44 0-58 5-30 2-23 — 1-85 95° 9-60 0-50 0-53 1-30 I -65 2-55 2-58 0-67 600 2-50 — 2-15 970 — 0-70 0-56 1-02 1-92 2-37 2-47 0-60 — — 1-82 9-85 10-00 075 042 I-2S 1-90 — — 0-55 5-90 ^ '~ 945 9-80 0-74 0-52 1-08 2-10 2-77 2-84 — 5-88 2-40 — — 2-20 97° 9-26 1-15 0-59 I-IS 2-18 2-50 2-6o 0-62 5-30 2-17 — ■ 1-89 946 9'25 1-50 0-51 1-40 1-90 2-36 2-44 0-64 5-60 2-40 — 2-18 9-35 9-58 I -60 0-62 I -20 1-66 2-38 2-42 o-6o 5-65 2-36 — 2-00 8-85 8-50 1-40 0-55 1-40 1-83 2-23 2-31 0-56 5-40 2-37 — 2-00 I -80 10-10 9-70 0-60 0-55 1-30 1-60 — — — — — 9-25 900 0-50 0-48 1-20 1-70 — — — — — 1-90 9-70 — 0-60 — 1-88 2-35 2-48 0-53 5 -00 2-14 — 8-47 — 0'4S 0-44 0-90 1-40 — — — 4-45 1-96 — ■ — ^ 1-85 9-10 9-00 1-60 0-S3 I-I5 I -So — — — ~ 9-70 1-05 — — 1-86 2-47 2-57 0-57 5-45 — — — — 8-70 8-70 I -20 0-42 I-IO 1-60 2-00 2-00 0-46 5-07 2-23 — 1-90 925 9-30 1-51 0-51 1-40 1-70 2-17 2-21 0-58 4-84 2-06 — 175 1-85 1-80 1-85 9-70 9-20 1-70 0-57 1-40 i-6s — — — — — — — 8-52 0-60 0-45 I -00 — — — — — — — • 8-30 8-10 1-50 0-43 0-90 17s — — — — — — 8-70 8-50 1-40 0-48 1-43 1-60 2-32 2-40 0-56 — — — I 90 — — 0-95 — — I 60 2-27 2-31 0-59 5-87 2-50 — — 9-85 9-50 0-83 0-5S I-IO 1-65 2-38 2-44 o-6o 5-27 2-30 — 1-90 I -So 9-50 9- 1 5 1-48 0-49 1-50 1-42 2-10 2-15 0-55 5-15 2-09 ~ 9-10 1-60 0-58 I -60 175 2-45 2'54 0-62 — — — 2-85 2-06 9-55 9-25 1-50 0-48 1-48 1-70 2-35 2-40 0-58 — — — — 1-90 8-74 0-65 0-47 0-90 1-63 2-20 2-22 0-57 - — — — — 2-00 9-25 0-97 0-54 1-20 1-67 2-13 2-17 — 5-07 2-13 — — 8-90 8-50 1-85 0-46 1-30 — 2-40 2-47 — — — — — 1-90 10-30 — 1-80 2-30 2-38 0-S7 S-80 2-30 571 — — 975 965 1-50 0-58 I -06 1-90 2-55 2-62 0-63 6-IO 2-50 — — 2-20 I -80 8-58 1-40 0-41 i-iS 1-50 — — — — — — — — 8-95 1-50 °'4S I-IO 2-02 2-48 2-60 0-63 5-40 2-25 — — 1-70 9-25 9-00 I -co 0-55 1-50 1-82 2-34 2-42 0-60 5-60 2-18 1-90 5i8 DISCOVERY REPORTS i I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date B n S Sex °^ a ii a> 44-1 '0' a. --a .1^ 3 « ^ OJ 3 S- ^ Cfi t4_. a> » (fl 3 OJ It" w a: hJ -C to ^ '^0 ^ „ oJJ .S-c a s S 2 ^ hS t-' CO r" 4) n P'S W K^ E.s zg 1926 29 Jan. 461 Male 2I-00 — 4-05 4-28 4-52 9-25 1-04 5-30 1-07 6-00 29 ,. 462 Male 20-6o — 4-00 4-02 4-26 8-70 0-92 — 0-96 5-77 29 ,. 463 Female 24-00 — 4-86 5-37 9-80 I-16 5-65 1-04 6-90 29 „ 464 Male 20-IO — 3-75 — 4-33 8-55 i-oo 4-65 1-04 5-37 29 „ 465 Female 20-37 — 4-35 4-55 4-85 9-90 I-IO 5-87 1-20 6-75 29 .- 466 Male 2I-IS — 4-25 460 — — 4-98 1-14 — 29 „ 467 Male 21-25 3-98 4-17 4-41 9-00 I-OO — I-IO 6 00 29 „ 468 Male 20-40 3-84 4-05 4-27 — 1-30 4-80 I -04 5-55 30 „ 469 Male 21-00 — 4-10 4-30 4-44 8-8o 1-06 5-25 I-OO 5-80 3° .. 470 Male 2 I -60 — 3-95 4-i8 4-38 8-70 1-05 5-67 1-04 610 30 „ 471 Male 20-35 — 3-85 4-10 4-27 8-50 I-oo 4-85 1-09 5-70 30 ., 472 Male 21-80 — 4-15 — 4-56 920 1-03 5-40 1-08 6-15 30 .. 473 Male 21-75 — 3-90 — 4-45 9-00 1-03 5-50 1-09 630 30 - 474 Male 21-70 — 3-85 395 4-15 8-45 0-95 5-°5 1-04 6-12 30 „ 475 Male 20-00 — 3-70 4-15 8-30 I-oo — I-oo — 30 „ 476 Male 20-90 — 3-85 — 4-37 — I-oo 4-85 I-IO 6-0O 30 .. 477 Male 20-90 — 4-07 4-10 4-38 8-70 — — 1-05 5-85 31 ,. 478 Female 24"S3 — — — — — — — — 31 ,. 479 Male 19-57 — — — 4-30 8-15 1-02 — I 05 5-30 31 ,. 480 Male 20-S3 — 3-65 372 4-10 — 0-98 5-25 1-02 5-90 I Feb. 481 Male 21-17 — 4-02 — 4-35 — I -07 S-io 1-08 578 I „ 482 Male 20-20 — 3-90 4-10 4-25 8-60 I-IO 4-70 1-05 5-65 I ,, 483 Female 22-20 — 4-45 — 4-90 9-60 5-70 1-24 6-35 2 ,, 484 Female 22-35 — 4'25 4'5° 4-67 9-50 I-oo — I-IO 6-35 2 ,, 485 Male 20-95 — 4-13 4-23 4-50 8-78 1-03 5-23 1-08 5-84 2 ,, 486 Male 21-85 — 4-25 4-50 4-59 9-10 0-98 474 1-05 575 2 ,, 489 Male 21-40 — 4-13 4-32 — I-OI — 1-20 — 2 ,, 490 Male 21-70 — 4-34 4-40 4-72 9-32 115 5-00 I-I5 596 2 ,, 491 Female 23-10 — 4-70 — 5-13 — — 5-44 1-03 6-25 2 ., 492 Male 19-80 — 3-68 — 4-16 8-00 0-98 — 0-94 5-50 2 493 Male 19-30 — 3-80 3-95 4-05 7-95 I-OO 475 0-94 5-60 2 ,, 495 Male 18-70 — 3-66 4-00 4-00 8-05 I-oo 4-50 0-97 5-35 2 ,, 496 Female 18-45 — 3-40 3-65 3-84 7-55 0-88 4-60 0-90 5'i5 2 ,, 497 Female 22-65 — 4-57 460 4-82 9-55 I-I8 5-58 I-IO 6-27 3 .. 498 Male 20-30 — 390 4-18 4-38 8-40 0-99 — I -OS 5-87 3 .. 499 Male 20-80 — 370 — 4-10 8-20 0-98 4-85 I 05 5-78 3 ,. 500 Male 20-70 — 4-10 4-25 4-40 8-95 I-I3 5-40 1-15 6-00 3 ■, 501 Female 19-30 — 3-80 4-00 4-20 7-95 — 0-98 5 '4° 3 >. 502 Female 22-74 — 4-25 — 4-85 9-60 I-IO 5-47 I-I5 i>-45 4 ,. 504 Female 21-75 — 4-24 4-70 4-80 915 I 00 III 5-88 4 .. 50s Male 19-40 — 3-75 — 4-10 8-20 0-96 4-90 0-90 5-20 4 .. 506 Male 20-05 — 3-75 4-00 4-18 8-30 I-oo 4-55 0-95 5-38 4 » 507 Male 18-60 — 3-5° 370 3-88 7-85 — 4-37 0-89 5-10 4 ,> 508 Female 20-10 — 3-80 4-15 8-25 0-96 5-00 090 5-90 4 >, 509 Male 20-25 — 4-00 4-10 4-25 — I -03 4-92 1-05 5-70 5 .. 511 Male 2000 — 3-65 — 4-00 8-20 1-03 5-13 0-96 5-60 S „ 512 Male 17-70 — 3-IO 3-19 3-45 7-00 o-8i 4-33 0-85 5-15 (< „ 513 Male 19-20 — 3 60 3-85 3-99 8-17 1-03 4-80 i-oS 5-35 (' „ 514 Female 20-95 — 4-00 4-28 4-45 8-85 I-oo 5-30 I 00 6-00 6 ,, 515 Male i8-75 — 3-35 372 3-86 7-60 0-89 4-50 I-oo 5-15 f> „ 518 Male 22-40 — 4-75 4-84 5-00 10-00 1-16 5-30 I-I4 6-07 6 „ 519 Male 21-90 — 4-37 — 477 9-40 1-12 5-10 1-03 5-95 f' „ 520 Male 20-00 — 375 4-07 4-24 8-30 0-87 4-97 1-02 575 6 „ 521 Female 21-25 — 4-80 5-10 920 1-02 5 '03 1-02 570 7 -I 522 Female 20-80 — 4-00 — 4-50 — I-oo — I-OO 5-90 7 ,. 523 Female 21-70 — 4-15 — 4-55 8-6o 1-02 5-60 I-OO 6-35 7 ., 524 Male 21-30 — 4-20 — 470 — 4-80 I -08 5-70 7 .. 52s Male i8-oo — 3-42 370 3-80 7-25 — 0-92 5-35 7 .. 526 Male 21-05 — 4-15 4-41 4-65 8-90 1-08 490 104 5-65 7 ,. 527 Male 20-40 ~ 395 3-96 4-24 I 02 5-15 1-07 6-00 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 519 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 « "2 m „ 3 JS 1 Uri f C |s^ . > C «5 c 2 ° •r; <*-! ■a.2- K u S C3 3 3 3 4) "W ,- m a C a a Ml i- a ■s'° .S* 3 Oh 3 ac wyi; . C3 2; 3 C g c 2 bo ° S ac s; := ? C/3 an fa's L ° 9-65 9-20 1-55 I -60 1-85 2-63 2-70 0-69 5-50 2-19 2-05 945 9-30 1-48 — I-oo 1-70 2-40 2-44 0-61 5-10 2-23 — — I-7S 10-55 I0-20 0-64 0-47 1-25 2-25 2-SO 2-6o 0-67 6-40 2-50 — — 2-00 9-00 8-72 1-42 0-40 I 08 1-85 2-17 2-25 o-SS 5-20 2-30 S-ii — I-9S io-8o 10-25 0-68 0-51 1-35 1-73 2-68 2-77 0-64 — 9-47 900 — — 1-14 1-65 2-30 2-36 0-58 5-55 2-10 — — 2-03 9-60 I-IO 0-47 1-40 — 2-58 2-62 0-60 S-4S 2-30 — — — 8-80 1-40 0-49 I -20 - — 2-26 2-35 0-61 5-25 2-46 — — 1-65 965 g-40 I -So 0-46 1-27 I -70 2-30 2-45 0-62 S-20 2-37 — — I -70 lOIO 9-85 I -60 0-56 I-IO 1-80 2-41 2-51 0-62 5-38 2-28 — — I -85 9-20 8-70 1-50 0-44 1-38 1-82 2-26 2-33 0-58 5-20 2-28 — — 2-05 955 9-25 1-55 0-51 130 1-86 2-50 265 0-66 S-50 2-46 — — 2-05 I0-2O lO-IO 1-70 0-48 2-20 1-70 — — — S-SO 2-34 — — 2-05 965 9-40 1-33 0-52 I 20 1-44 2-29 2-34 0-61 — — — — 1-90 900 — i-oo 0-55 1-20 1-60 2-35 2-42 060 4-90 2-24 — — — 9-50 9-10 1-35 0-43 I-IS 1-48 2-20 2-25 0-55 S-27 2-20 — — — z 900 1-40 Z 1-60 1-70 z — — 5-60 z z — — i-oo — 1-30 2-05 2-13 0-55 S-17 — — — — — 9-40 I-oo 1-40 — 2-30 2-39 0-58 5-00 2-22 — — 1-92 930 9-07 1-37 0-S3 I-30 1-78 2-52 2-62 0-65 5-37 — — — 1-90 900 8-65 1-55 0-62 1-38 1-75 2-35 2-40 0-59 — — — — 1-97 — 9-75 o-6o 0-52 1-70 1-80 — — — — — — — 2-35 IOI3 — 0-81 — — 1-88 2-60 2-67 o-6i S-5S 2-44 — — — — 8-95 1-61 0-55 IIS 1-74 2-34 2'39 0-66 5-50 2-28 — — 1-90 9-50 9-00 1-65 0-50 1-60 1-78 2-35 2-44 0-63 S-SO 2-32 — — 1-85 9-53 — — 0-54 1-35 1-72 — — — S-39 2-30 — — — 9-50 904 1-44 0-53 I-IO 1-90 2-36 2-43 0-62 5-73 2-40 — — — — 9-84 0-55 0-47 I-IO — — — — — — — — 2-20 8-8o — 099 — 1-40 2-10 2-14 0-56 4-92 2-31 — — — 8-8o 8-60 1-40 0-44 1-20 I -50 2-28 2-33 0-58 4-95 2-16 — , — 1-60 8-23 8-17 0-95 052 1-25 1-57 2-30 2-37 0-57 4-7S 2-II — — — 9-45 8-00 0-57 0-40 I-OO 1-52 — — — — — — — I -75 10-38 10-38 0-69 056 1-20 1-84 — — — — — — — 2-10 9-23 ■ — I-I3 — — I-S5 2-30 2-36 0-58 5-35 2-13 — — — 913 8-74 132 0-48 1-30 1-73 2-30 2-35 0-64 4-8s 2-08 — — 2-00 9-78 9-40 1-20 0-55 1-30 2-04 — — — S-52 2-IS 5 -42 — 2-10 8-85 8-70 0-60 0-55 1-48 2-25 2-32 0-56 5-07 2-08 — — 10-50 10-06 0-65 0-60 1-40 I -80 — — — — — — 2-45 953 — 0-55 — I '45 1-74 2-36 2-41 0-64 — — — — 8-30 8-70 1-50 0-50 I-IO 1-62 2-26 2-34 o-SS 4-90 2-IO — — 1-85 8-90 8-50 139 0-48 i-SO I -80 2-SO 2-55 0-58 5-05 2-23 — — I 90 815 8-25 1-40 0-50 I-I5 1-40 2-08 2-22 0-50 4-75 2-01 — — 1-78 gio 8-90 0-70 0-4S 1-30 1-50 2-33 2-39 0-56 5-50 2-10 — — 1-75 g-20 9-00 1-53 0-56 1-20 — — — — — — — 1-85 9-20 8-85 1-40 0-46 I-IO 1-63 2-25 2-30 o-SS 4-95 2-10 — — I 92 8-45 8-40 1-20 0-37 095 1-30 — — — — • — — — I-S5 8-70 8-6o 1-45 0-47 1-40 1-80 2-40 2-44 0-58 4-85 2-18 — — 1-90 9-40 9-25 0-63 0-51 1-20 1-83 2-42 2-47 0-S7 5-45 2-32 — — 1-90 8-25 8-IO 1-45 0-52 1-20 1-49 — — — ■ — — — 1-80 9-45 9-30 1-78 — 1-40 1-96 2-8o 2-Ss 0-65 6-15 2-38 — — I -go 9-70 9-30 115 o-6i 1-40 1-83 2-58 2-62 0-65 5-85 2-31 — — 2-10 9-25 8-90 1-60 0-47 1-40 1-60 2-19 2-28 0-62 S-20 2-II — — 1-85 935 8-40 o-6o 0-46 I -20 — — — — 6-10 2-40 — — 2-00 9-45 — 0-45 — — 2-35 2-40 0-55 5-40 2-IS — — — 9-85 965 0-70 0-48 I -20 1-60 2-20 2-25 o-SS 5-40 2-35 — — I -95 — 8-65 1-40 0-47 1-39 ■ — — — — — — — 2-10 8-20 — 0-85 I-50 2-10 2-15 0-53 4-60 1-94 — — — 9-30 g-io 1-55 0-50 I 40 1-68 2-37 2-42 0-63 5-SS 2-33 — — I -go 975 9-50 I -60 0-51 I-IO 165 2-35 2-45 0-S9 S'oo 2-24 ^ ~ 1-85 S20 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S (U 0. u c sin « Date Sex ^1 a" .-a H 3 ^ 4J 1) 3 >. u 3 tC u I; 3 a: a> •" >, tf) , 535 Female 22-90 4-46 465 4-88 9-26 I -08 — — 9 „ 536 Male 21-00 4-37 4-63 474 9-25 I -00 I-I6 5 90 9 „ 537 Male 19-70 396 4-20 4-37 9-00 1-07 4-45 0-95 5-20 9 „ 538 Male 20-45 4-iS 4'45 4-56 8-80 1-07 493 0-99 570 9 ,. 539 Female 22-50 4-10 4-30 4-50 8-8o 1-05 573 1-06 6-70 9 .. 540 Male 1950 3-60 4-06 4-17 8-00 089 4-90 I-oo 5'55 9 „ 541 Female 22-50 4-45 4-70 4-84 9-50 I -08 5-58 i-og 6-65 9 .. 542 Male 19-65 3-75 4-10 4-18 8-is 0-99 470 I-oo 5-50 10 ,, 543 Male 19-70 3-85 ■ — 4-25 8-40 096 — 095 5-65 10 .. 544 Female 16-20 3-15 3-36 3-50 6-80 o-8o 4-00 0-80 470 10 ., 545 Male 19-50 3-80 4-05 4-19 8-IO 0-97 4-80 0-90 5-60 10 ,, 546 Male 20-35 4-10 — 4-55 9-35 1-13 4-45 I-oo 5-30 ■o >> 547 Female 21-85 4-15 — 4'45 9-10 I-I5 5'6o IIO 6-55 1 1 „ 548 Female 21-00 4-00 — 4-45 8-8o 0-98 — I-IO 6-30 II >> 549 Female 21-45 4-30 460 4-67 9-00 1-07 5-20 0-98 5 90 1 1 >> 550 Male 19-10 3-90 4-20 4-39 8-24 099 4-55 0-90 5-30 II .. 551 Male 20-70 3-89 4-20 4-37 8-60 i-oo 5-13 0-96 5-90 12 ,, 552 Male 19-75 395 — 4-28 8-34 0-94 — 115 530 12 ,, 553 Male 21-60 4-28 4-37 4-63 8-98 I -00 5-00 I-I3 6-00 12 ,, 555 Male 19-60 4'30 4-54 471 9-20 1-06 4-70 I-oo 5-40 12 „ 556 Male 2o-6o 3-80 4-10 4-28 8-8o I -00 I -OS 5-80 13 ,. 558 Male 21-10 4-25 4-45 4-60 910 0-97 5-02 0-98 570 13 .. 559 Male 22-08 4-70 4-74 4-90 9-57 1-12 5-15 0-98 6 07 13 „ 560 Female 21-15 4-50 4-80 5-00 90s 1-04 5-10 1-02 5-8o 13 .. 561 Male 20-50 3-20 3-65 3-90 8-13 I -00 5-03 0-96 6-00 13 .. 562 Male 20-40 3-70 4-00 4-30 8-60 I-IO 4-85 1-04 590 13 .. 563 Female 22-30 4-53 4-95 5-08 9-50 0-98 578 1-06 670 13 .. 564 Male 20-80 4-36 — 475 8-95 I-IO — 1-02 5-80 13 .. 565 Female 2260 4'3° — 475 9-20 I-I6 570 I-I5 6-33 13 .. 566 Female 21-65 4-00 — 4-55 8-90 — 5-38 I-oo 6-25 14 .. 573 Male 19-80 3-90 — 4-°5 8-75 097 — 0-98 5-30 14 .. 574 Male 21-00 4-10 4-30 4-40 8-82 I-oo 5-3° 1-03 5-20 14 .. 575 Female 21-00 440 4-76 9-83 I-II 5-23 0-97 575 14 .. 576 Male 20-30 3-70 3-88 4-00 8-00 0-98 — 0-97 5-85 14 .. 577 Male 20-60 4-10 4-25 4-45 9-00 1-05 4-83 0-94 580 15 .. 579 Male 20-00 3-80 4-14 4-35 8-30 I-oo 4-80 0-98 5-55 15 .. 58s Female 22-55 4-25 4'65 4-70 9-60 — S-io I -20 6-40 15 ,, 586 Male 19-30 365 4-05 8-IO — 4-46 0-90 5-25 15 ,. 587 Female 20-70 3-90 4-10 4-28 8-44 1-07 5-18 0-97 5-80 15 .> 588 Female 22-90 4-54 474 4-87 9-60 1-06 — 125 6-40 15 „ 589 Male 21 -60 4-27 470 9-30 1-09 5-22 1-07 620 15 ., 590 Male 20-20 3-60 — 415 8-10 — 515 1-04 5'6o 16 „ 600 Male 18-53 3-55 3-64 3-92 773 0-93 4-30 0-95 5-IO 16 „ 601 Male 21-30 4-30 — 4-67 9-40 1-03 5-33 1-02 5-85 18 „ 602 Male 21-75 4-20 — 475 9-00 0-98 — I-oo 560 18 „ 603 Female 20-30 3-87 4-10 4-24 8-36 1-06 4-85 0-98 570 18 „ 604 Female 15-20 2-70 2-88 3-05 6-10 0-73 3-90 0-70 4-60 18 „ 606 Male 20-40 4-07 4-26 4-40 8-60 I-oo 4-90 I 03 5-80 18 „ 607 Male 1973 3-47 3-80 3-94 8-IO 0-95 4-70 I-oo 574 18 „ 609 Male 20-I0 3-70 4-02 4-25 8-13 0-95 5-10 1-02 570 18 „ 610 Female 22-20 4-60 5-00 5-14 9-60 I -08 5-29 I -07 6-35 19 ,. 611 Male 20-50 — — 4'30 8-45 — I-oo 5-80 20 „ 618 Female 18-50 3-50 3-65 3-84 7-88 — 4-90 0-90 570 22 „ 619 Male 18-70 3-60 3-95 4-03 8-07 0-92 4-70 0-92 5-55 22 ,, 621 Female 21-70 3-90 4-16 4-27 8-45 I-oo 5-25 1-03 6-35 22 ,, 622 Male 20-20 ~ 3-57 3-90 4-05 8-25 098 5-00 I -03 570 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 521 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 " IM rt T3 ■g flukes to stem of rooves 3 •o 2 .; 1 In a c 1 .9" '3 tip to end of rder length rve of rder , u 3 u C3 •3 p"^ 3 , tf] Crt IJH to CO ij • U •si's % '/} c la-s E.S J3 1926 24 Feb. 624 Male 19-45 3-50 3-90 4-00 8-25 090 — 0-96 5-30 24 .. 626 Female 22-47 4-60 — 5-05 9-55 I-14 5-10 I -00 6-20 24 .. 627 Male 2 1 -60 4-25 4-45 4-70 9-20 1-04 5-16 1-08 6-00 25 ,. 629 Male 19-75 3-70 4-04 4-10 8-24 1-02 5-18 0-98 5-80 25 ,, 630 Male 20-55 3-90 4-18 4-57 8-55 096 5-07 1-03 6-00 25 ,. 631 Male 19-30 3-78 4-06 4-24 8-40 0-94 4-70 0-94 5-30 25 ,. 632 Female 19-20 3-56 3-80 4-10 8-10 1-06 4-70 0-94 5-45 25 ,. 633 Male 16-90 3-00 3-30 3-47 7-00 0-82 4-07 0-85 4-97 27 „ 634 Female 22-24 4-42 — 4-80 9-60 — i-i6 6-76 27 ,. 635 Male 21-25 4-10 4-50 4-65 9-65 I -02 — i-io 5-90 1 March 636 Female 21-30 — . — — — — 1-15 — 6 ,. 672 Female 20-00 4-05 — 4-40 8-50 i-oo 4-95 0-90 5-55 8 „ 674 Male 20-00 3-70 4-17 4-16 7-90 — 1-05 5-15 8 „ 67s Female 22-20 4-15 — 4-62 8-95 1-05 5-30 I-IO 6-10 II ,, 677 Female 16-00 2-60 2-82 2-90 6-30 0-72 3-80 0-88 4-80 12 ,, 678 Female 16-30 2-85 — 3-30 6-65 — 0-85 4-95 12 ,, 679 Male 15-90 2-65 2-90 3-03 6-00 0-72 4-00 0-75 4-65 12 ,, 680 Male 20-40 4-05 — 4-57 865 1-03 4-55 1-08 5-40 13 -. 682 Male 19-00 3-45 3-90 3-94 7-90 0-92 4-70 0-94 5-40 13 683 Male 17-80 3-30 3-55 3-68 7-20 0-85 4-45 089 5-15 14 M 68 s Male 19-70 3-55 3-96 4-10 8-10 0-92 4-70 0-Q2 5-40 14 .. 686 Female 20-00 3-70 4-00 4-10 8-10 — 5-20 1-02 5-85 14 .. 687 Female 14-80 2-40 — 2-80 5-87 — 4-25 ■ — 4-70 14 >. 689 Male 16-25 2-IS — 3-00 6-40 0-73 4-30 0-85 4-90 14 >. 690 Female 16-55 2-15 3-00 3-05 6-55 o-8o 4-10 I-IO 5-00 14 .. 691 Female 17-15 2-90 3-15 3-30 6-90 0-84 4-40 0-90 4-90 14 .- 692 Female 15-20 2-40 2-55 — 0-70 4-30 0-79 5-00 15 - 693 Female 21-45 — — — — ■ — — 1-03 6-is IS „ 694 Male 20-10 4-20 — 4-68 890 0-85 4-60 093 5-40 19 .. 696 Male 18-35 3-30 3-55 3-67 7-20 0-85 4-77 0-90 5-60 20 „ 697 Female 19-90 3-80 — 4-30 8-30 I -00 4-90 0-87 5-40 20 ,, 699 Female 21-40 4-10 — 4-65 8-8o 1-03 5-30 I-IO 600 20 „ 700 Female iS-60 3-20 — 3-70 7-30 0-83 0-86 5-30 20 701 Male 19-90 3-70 4-00 4-10 8-15 1-06 4-65 I -OS 5-50 22 „ 705 Male 14-70 2-45 2-77 2-82 6-00 0-76 3-70 0-79 4-40 22 ,, 706 Male 20-20 3-60 4-05 4-15 8-10 0-93 5-20 0-97 6-00 22 707 Male 20-35 4-18 4-35 4-45 8-65 1-07 5-25 0-98 6-10 23 .. 708 Female 20-05 3-80 4-13 8-30 0-97 0-98 S-65 23 .. 709 Male 21-00 4-00 4-30 4-30 8-50 1-03 4-85 1-06 5-85 23 » 710 Female i6-35 2-70 2-85 2-95 6-25 0-83 4-00 0-85 4-80 23 711 Female 16-20 2-6o 3-00 6-20 0-82 4-75 23 .. 713 Female 18-85 3-55 3-80 3-90 7-75 0-94 4-55 0-91 4-90 23 .. 714 Female 21-50 4-20 — 4-67 9 -00 0-97 5-00 1-04 5-90 23 .. 71S Male 14-20 2-15 2-35 2-40 5-25 0-65 0-80 4-45 24 .. 717 Female 19-45 3-70 3-95 4-04 8-00 0-93 4-85 0-90 5-65 24 .. 719 Male 17-35 3-35 3-55 3-72 7-20 0-86 4-35 0-84 5-35 25 ,, 721 Female 21-00 3-90 — 4-45 8-65 I -00 4-80 I-IO 5-65 25 .. 722 Male 15-75 3-00 — 3-35 7-00 0-95 4-39 1-08 4-50 25 „ 723 Male 21-50 4-10 — 4-35 8-6o 1-02 5-55 — 6-30 25 :, 724 Female 23-10 4-00 — 4-80 9-35 1-08 5-65 I-IO 6-20 25 ., 72s Male 20-10 3-90 4-25 4-30 8-00 I-OI 5-00 1-20 5-65 26 „ 727 Female 20-95 4-20 4-47 8-90 I -OS S-25 I -OS 5-80 27 .. 728 Male 20-25 3-70 — 4-05 8-20 0-99 4-90 I -00 6-os 29 „ 729 Male 20-60 3-90 — 4-40 8-70 I -OS 4-80 I-IO 5-60 29 „ 730 Male 19-80 3-80 — 4-40 8-00 0-90 4-95 I-oo 5-55 29 „ 731 Female 18-70 3-75 3-90 3-95 7-90 0-94 4-55 0-95 5-15 29 ,. 732 Female 21-90 4-70 — 5-20 9-70 1-20 5-25 1-08 6-0O 29 „ 733 Female 18-00 3-4° — 3-90 7-50 0-95 4-30 0-92 5-00 29 „ 734 Male 16-80 3-00 3-30 3-35 6-55 0-83 4-00 0-90 ;-85 29 .. 735 Female 18-25 "" 3-35 3-80 7-25 0-90 4-30 0-83 4-95 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 5^3 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ctS •0 o ° 3 .° s Z 3 Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres 1 1 c i2-S> C c 1 .2" u 4J D. 0. Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border •u bO ^2 ■0 u M OJ M — "X l| Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla u fa a c rZ ° 8-55 I -GO 0-48 I -co 1-82 2-20 2-27 4-85 2-IO _ 970 970 080 0-53 I-2S I -80 2-34 2-40 0-60 6-15 2-34 — — 1-95 9-70 lOIO 1-55 0-56 1-40 1-90 — — — — — — 1-90 918 890 1-45 0-54 IIO 1-77 2-23 2-32 0-54 5-44 2-13 — — 174 965 9-40 1-35 0-48 I -08 1-70 — — — 5-17 2-26 — — I -So 1-85 900 8-8o I -60 0-46 I-IO 1-82 2-20 2-27 0-61 5-IO 2-13 — — 870 8-50 0-55 056 I 20 1-66 2-13 2-20 o-s6 5-07 — 4-95 — 1-65 7-8s 770 I-I2 0-35 i-oo 1-42 — — — — — — — 1-50 9-47 0-67 056 i'i5 1-98 — — 0-60 — — — — 940 I -20 056 1-05 1-90 2-52 2-61 0-61 5-60 5-5° 2-38 , . gio 8-go 0-65 I 00 050 090 1-60 2-18 2-24 — S-20 2-IS z z I-QO 955 q-6o 063 0-44 1-50 — — — — — 2-05 770 7'30 0-50 0-40 i-oo — 1-70 0-50 3-85 1-90 — — 764 0-32 — — 1-34 i-8o 1-83 0-45 4-00 1-76 — — 770 7-40 I -20 033 I-IO 1-20 1-67 1-68 0-44 3-65 I -80 — — 1-30 9-15 8-8o ISO — 1-40 1-55 — — — — — — — 870 8-50 1-45 0-53 I 00 1-73 — — — 4-70 1-92 — — I go 1-60 8-35 8-20 1-35 0-44 I-I3 1-53 — ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8-85 8-6o 1-55 0-43 I-IO 1-57 — — — 4-85 2-26 — — — 940 9-00 070 0-55 1-20 — 2-22 2-27 0-55 5-00 2-II — — 7-IO 6-90 0-40 0-42 0-90 — — — — — — — 1-48 770 7-47 I-I5 0-37 I 00 1-40 1-67 2-00 0-42 3-80 1-70 — — ■ 775 8-00 0-45 036 I-IO — 1-70 1-76 0-40 4-07 I -go — — I 45 8-00 7-60 070 0-40 °-7S 1-35 1-88 i-g6 0-48 4-25 2-IO — — 1-70 7-60 7-32 0-45 0-35 0-80 1-17 1-70 I 76 0-40 — — — — 1-40 8-8o 0-50 — — — — — 5-35 2-35 — — 900 — IIO 039 1-50 1-80 2-45 2-49 — 575 2-35 — — 2-00 1-60 9-00 870 1-40 0-36 I-oo 1-45 ~~ ^ ^ " 8-90 8-50 0-4S 0-52 I -05 i-8s 2-37 2-42 0-55 5-20 2-24 — — 2-20 9-90 9-10 0-55 1-27 1-50 — — — 570 2-55 — — 2-15 8-50 — 0-45 — — 1-45 1-95 2-00 o-si 4-55 2-30 — — i-Ss 8-8o 8-65 1-30 0-45 i-io 1-65 2-35 2-10 0-58 5-05 2-40 — — 7-20 6-85 1-25 0-38 0-75 1-20 1-68 1-70 0-44 3-58 1-54 — — 1-30 945 9-20 1-40 0-48 I -20 I -65 2-24 2-30 0-57 5-25 2-16 — — 2-00 9-45 9-3° 1-40 0-57 1-05 1-52 — — — — — I -90 8-95 0-55 I -65 2-25 2-29 0-60 5-20 2-35 — 9-60 9"3° 0-55 I-IO 1-75 2-34 2-42 o-s8 5-45 2-35 — — 1-90 7-60 7-5° 050 o-6o 0-80 1-20 1-62 1-73 0-45 — — 1-40 7'3° _ 0'35 I-IO 1-66 1-71 0-41 390 1-83 — — — 8-20 8-00 0-50 0-50 I-oo 1-40 — — — 4-90 2-13 — — 1-90 9-30 8-8o 0-50 o-6o I-IO 1-75 — — — — — — — I -go 7-00 — 0-65 0-45 o-8o I-IO 1-58 1-59 0-44 — — — — 9-00 8-8o o-6o I-oo 1-74 2-20 2-25 0-S4 4-90 2-00 — — 175 8-55 8-40 1-35 0-41 0-90 1-53 — — 0-58 — — — — 1-40 9-40 9-00 0-55 0-46 I -OS 1-70 2-30 2-34 5-35 2-23 — — 7'25 7'35 1-30 0-44 I -02 1-47 1-85 I -go 0-47 4-10 1-71 — — 1-40 lOIO 9-90 1-50 0-51 1-36 1-80 1-80 1-83 0-50 5-35 2-31 — — 2-10 1-82 lOIO 10-35 060 0-55 I -OS 1-75 2-35 2-44 0-62 S-90 2-31 ~~ ~ 9 4° 900 I '45 0-52 i-i I 1-57 2-20 2-29 0-56 5-3° 2-IO — — I go 9'50 9-20 0-65 0-42 1-12 1-60 2-25 2-30 0-61 5-65 2-46 — — • 2-00 980 I -00 0-50 I-IO 1-70 2-20 2-2S 0-56 5-05 2-21 — — 910 900 I -60 — I-IO i-8s 2-45 — 0-62 — — — 2-10 9-08 9 -co 1-40 o-6o 1-30 I -6s 2-15 2-22 0-55 5-25 2-00 — — 1-90 1-80 8-30 8-30 0-55 0-50 1-20 1-85 — — — — — 9-60 9'30 070 — 1-08 2-00 2-6s 2-70 0-63 6-30 2-6i — — 2-40 7-90 0-50 0-40 I-oo 1-55 2-08 2-IS 0-56 4-70 2-04 — — 7-80 i'i5 0'45 1-05 1-37 1-86 1-90 0-46 — — — 1-50 ■S-io 8-05 060 0-45 0-85 1-40 1-85 1-92 0-48 4-65 2-01 1-60 34-2 524 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Date n S Sex ^4-( a ii tu 3 g M *j 4) 3 >. ^ .9- 3 1 c si. 3 h w qi; oj t •5 3 tC M 2 •5, >, to Vli^ at « tu m < X ^H 4-1 en 2 3 Si 1— ) +3 « h3 u- u O.'U) .B-c ir' g. ate I. w ■g'£° i».2 Is E.S 3 1926 29 March 736 Female 20-20 — 3-70 — 4-20 8-15 I -00 5-00 1-10 5-70 29 738 Male 2 I 00 — 4-00 — 4-40 8-55 1-03 5-05 1-10 6-00 Saldanha Bay 15 June 741 Female 1677 — 3-IO 3-45 3-47 7-10 0-83 4-20 0-91 4-80 15 ,. 742 Female i6-8s — 2-97 3-30 3-36 6-57 0-77 4-20 0-79 4-48 15 .. 743 Male 13-92 2-29 — 2-60 5-72 0-70 3-45 0-75 4-25 IS .. 744 Male 15-50 — 2-90 — 3-33 6-50 0-78 3-87 0-81 4-60 IS .. 745 Male 13-90 — z-32 2-60 2-65 5-45 0-72 3-58 0-77 4-28 16 „ 749 Male 15-50 2-50 2-85 3-00 6-00 — 3-75 o-8o 4-80 16 „ 75° Male 1715 3-30 3-70 3-77 7-35 0-83 4-35 0-85 4-90 16 „ 751 Male 15-75 — 2-70 304 3-10 — 0-75 4-05 0-85 4-85 17 .1 7S2 Male 16-60 — 3-40 3-46 6-50 086 0-90 5-05 17 .. 755 Female 16-50 — 3-00 3-48 3-52 6-90 0-80 37'8 0-88 4-95 20 „ 762 Female 17-10 — 3-05 3-45 3-55 7-10 0-83 4-05 0-78 4-90 20 ,, 765 Female 20-85 — 3-67 4-15 4-25 8-60 0-97 5-15 1-00 6-05 22 ,, 771 Male 16-50 — 3-05 3-25 3-37 670 0-76 — 0-79 5-00 22 „ 772 Male 15-45 — 2-70 3-05 3-16 6-45 0-70 3-80 0-81 4-65 22 ,, 775 Female 21-70 — 4-20 4-40 4-53 8-94 1-05 5-50 l-OI 6-50 23 .. 778 Female I7-7S — 3-40 3-65 3-80 7-45 0-82 — 0-90 4-95 23 .. 780 Male 17-10 — 2-90 3-35 3-42 6-90 0-84 4-33 0-84 5-30 24 .. 782 Male 15-60 — 3-00 3-17 3-21 6-55 0-78 — o-8o 465 24 ,. 783 Male 16-50 — 3-10 3-20 3-35 6-70 0-84 4-07 o-8o 4-70 24 .. 784 Female 17-65 — 3-25 3-57 3-68 7-35 0-85 4-47 0-90 5-45 24 .. 786 Male 14-48 — 2-70 2-96 3-09 6-00 0-74 3-53 0-70 4-20 24 „ 788 Female 15-95 — 3-00 3-35 3-40 6-8o 0-76 — 0-92 4-85 25 .. 789 Male 16-45 — 3-10 3-20 3-30 6-87 0-87 — 0-82 5'J^ 25 .. 790 Male 16-50 — 2-94 3-i6 3-29 6-70 0-85 4-15 0-85 4-89 25 .. 791 Male 15-10 — 2-54 2-79 2-90 7-96 0-74 3-95 0-88 4-70 25 >, 792 Female 18-50 — 3-85 4-20 4-23 8-10 0-98 — 093 5-35 26 „ 795 Male 15-60 — 2-80 2-95 3-04 6-28 — — 0-82 4-80 26 „ 796 Male 15-25 — 2-70 2-94 3-08 6-20 0-74 3-85 0-73 4-30 26 „ 798 Female 15-85 — 2-65 2-90 3-05 6-15 0-73 4-17 0-76 4-78 26 „ 800 Female 16-25 — 2-90 3-05 3-16 6-42 0-72 4-42 0-86 4-80 27 .. 804 Male 16-00 2-8o 3-00 3-16 6-50 0-83 4-23 0-90 4-70 27 .. 806 Male 14-67 — 2-6o — 2-98 5-94 0-73 3-76 0-74 4-35 28 „ 807 Female 20-15 — 4-12 4-45 4-46 8-35 0-93 — 0-94 5-73 28 „ 808 Female 15-14 — 2-70 3-10 3-17 6-00 0-75 3 -So 0-80 4-40 29 ,, 81S Male 16-50 — 2-80 3-00 3-15 6-50 o-Si 4-33 o-go 4-95 29 .. 817 Female 14-60 — 2-60 2-78 2-93 5-90 0-74 3-85 0-80 4-60 3° .. S21 Male 16-10 — 2-74 2-84 3-03 6-15 0-72 4-10 o-8o 4-70 2 July 831 Male 18-85 — 3-65 4-40 4-68 7-55 0-96 4-77 1-02 5-55 2 ,, 832 Female 15-32 — 2-68 3-03 3-09 6-26 0-73 3-80 0-70 4-48 3 .. 837 Male 15-55 — 2-77 2-95 3-05 6-30 0-77 3-78 0-75 4-30 3 >. 839 Female 14-80 — 2-40 2-60 2-75 5-62 0-70 3-97 0-74 4-50 3 .. 841 Female 14-23 — 2-40 2-65 2-78 5-65 0-66 3-82 0-77 4-60 3 .. 842 Female 14-90 — 2-50 2-70 2-83 5-65 0-70 3-70 0-72 4-45 8 „ 8S2 Female 14-60 — 2-73 2-04 2-08 6-05 — — 0-70 4-35 8 „ 854 Female 15-75 — 3-00 3-15 3-26 6-55 0-76 3-95 0-82 463 8 „ S56 Male 17-20 — 3-17 3-33 3-48 7-03 0-84 4-27 0-90 5-00 9 )> 8s8 Male 15-00 — 2-77 2-98 3-06 6-05 o-8o 3-87 0-80 4-50 9 M 861 Male 19-20 — 3-78 4-12 4-iS 8-25 0-98 4-70 090 5-30 10 .. 86s Male 15-43 — 2-75 3-05 6-20 0-79 4-00 0-79 4-60 12 ,, 870 Male 19-00 — 3-80 4-12 4-28 8-37 0-95 4-66 0-96 5-45 12 ,, 873 Male 1660 3-17 3-35 3-45 6-85 0-87 4-62 0-88 5 00 12 ,, 875 Female ig-20 — 3-75 4-12 4-20 8-10 1-00 4-73 0-96 5-45 13 .. S76 Male 16-47 — 2-76 3-10 3-13 6-25 0-84 — 0-78 5-15 13 >. 877 Female 2 1 -60 — 4-10 4-35 4-50 8-8i 0-98 5-58 i-os 6-25 13 ,. 878 Female 15-30 — 2-75 3-00 3-15 6-20 0-72 3-90 0-75 4-40 13 .. 880 Female 15-55 2-85 3-10 3-24 6-55 0-83 3-90 0-75 4-40 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 52s II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 C3 "O 3 3 ?> ch of flukes to of system of ral grooves s to reproduc- aperture, res 1 1-1 c 1^ J3 C c 1 .S- u a per, tip to rior end of T border per, length g curve of r border 1 be CO bo Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla 1 2 .2" 3 D. 3 ac , P3 11 0^ c .7 C u A V > 2 bi Qj2 a. 0-2 > ccV. ;s & .S"S 0) "xy g-J3 fa's & ° 9-20 9-00 0-70 0-37 0-85 I -65 2-20 2-25 059 5-10 2-36 _ _ 1-80 9-45 9-35 1-40 0-67 1-35 I -6s 2-25 2-33 o-6o 5-4° 2-06 — — 2-15 7-45 7-IO 050 041 i-oo 1-42 1-91 1-95 — 4'30 1-66 1-38 7-25 7-00 0-47 039 I -00 1-30 1-70 1-75 0-4S 4-18 ■73 — — 1-35 670 6-55 I -02 0-33 0-85 1-28 1-72 1-76 0-41 318 I -41 — — 1-30 7-25 7-00 1-30 0-45 078 1-30 1-88 — 0-43 — 1-63 — — IIS 670 660 1-09 0-26 0-87 i-'S — — — — — — — 1-20 7-50 7-IO I 00 0-28 — 115 1-80 1-87 0-47 — — — — 1-40 7-90 7-6s 1-30 0-36 090 1-45 — — 4-60 1-76 — — 150 7-65 7-20 I 20 0-39 I-oo — — — — — — — — I-3S — — 065 — 1-24 — — — 4-25 1-74 — — 810 7-70 0-45 0-49 I-I3 I-3S 1-90 1-92 0-48 — — — 1-30 7-50 7-40 0-45 0-38 0-90 1-40 1-90 1-99 0-47 4-35 1-86 — — 1-50 10-00 960 o-6o 039 0-90 1-70 2-30 2-42 °-54 5-00 2-20 — — 1-80 7-60 — 0-75 — — 1-32 1-84 1-90 0-44 395 i-6o — — — 7-4S 7-3° I-2S 0-32 0-90 1-40 1-82 1-90 0-43 3-go 1-60 — — 1-23 9-75 9-75 0-70 0-50 I-oo I -75 2-46 2-49 — 5-50 — — 1-85 8-05 — 0-40 — — 1-57 210 2-14 — 4-45 2-00 — — — 8-IO 7-90 I-OI 041 1-20 1-37 2-00 2-05 0-50 4-23 1-65 — — 1-50 7-27 — 0-64 — — 1-30 1-78 1-84 0-45 3-90 — — 7-55 7-iS I-20 0-39 0-80 I 43 — — 4-13 — — I-3S — 8-40 0-35 0-41 I-IO 1-48 — — — — — — 1-52 6-70 6-50 i-io 0-28 0-5S 1-14 1-58 1-67 0-40 372 1-48 — — 1-04 7-80 — 0-33 — — 1-42 1-83 1-89 0-46 — — — — 8-00 — 0-68 — — 1-35 1-87 I 93 0-47 4-10 1-80 — — — 7-86 7-58 099 0-46 1-20 1-40 I 95 1-98 0-50 4-05 • — — ■ — 1-47 7-35 7-28 I -08 — 0-80 1-32 — — • — — — 1-30 8-40 — 0-3S — 1-67 — — — S-I2 2-IS — — 8-17 — o-8s — I -25 1-79 1-83 0-46 362 1-66 — • — — 7-27 7-00 i-i8 0-37 0-80 I-2S i-8i 1-86 0-44 374 1-52 — — I -25 7 '60 7-45 0-39 0-42 0-86 1-27 1-62 I -65 0-38 372 1-60 — — 1-32 7-50 7-20 0-40 0-36 0-93 1-34 1-68 1-71 0-41 — — — — 1-30 7-43 7-30 1-23 0-43 I-oo 1-35 I -89 1-94 0-46 3-95 1-70 — — 1-46 6-90 6-75 1-12 0-40 I -03 1-32 — — — — — — 1-40 910 — 0-49 0-50 o-So 1-50 2-IO 2-16 — 5-42 — — — 6-90 6-85 0-48 0-40 0-70 1-18 I-S3 1-60 0-37 375 1-60 — — 1-27 7-85 7-60 I 20 0-37 1-20 1-40 — — — 3-84 1-53 — — 1-35 6-95 6-8o 0-30 039 I-oo 1-20 — — — 3-60 1-40 — — 1-18 7-55 7-35 I -20 0-41 0-80 1-30 1-72 1-75 0-34 3-85 1-60 — — 1-24 9-00 8-So 1-45 0-62 0-90 1-66 2-17 2-22 0-57 4-88 2-06 — — 1-68 6go 6-75 0-46 0-34 0-70 I '35 1-77 1-81 0-43 372 1-50 — — 1-25 710 6-85 130 0-35 0-80 1-35 1-95 2-o8 0-47 370 1-50 — — 113 7-20 690 0-45 0-31 0-80 i-iS 1-59 1-63 0-41 3-40 1-48 — — i-ig 7-00 680 0-30 0-37 0-95 I-I3 i-ss I-S8 0-39 3-30 I -SO — — 1-24 7-00 7-40 °-45 0-36 0-80 1-20 170 1-72 0-42 — — — — i-ii — — 0-35 — — 1-13 1-51 I-S6 0-40 370 i-SO — — — 715 7-00 0-49 0-46 I-oo I -20 I -75 1-78 0-41 — — — — I-3S 7-8o 7-95 125 0-48 090 1-38 2-02 2-10 0-48 — — — — 1-40 7-25 7-00 1-30 0-32 0-90 1-22 1-70 1-70 0-43 — — — — 1-20 8-8o 8-45 1-40 046 I-2S 1-75 2-35 2-50 — 5-04 1-94 — — 1-80 — 690 i-io 0-43 I -20 1-20 — — — — — — — I-3S 8-8o 8-20 1-35 0-51 I-IO 1-70 — — — 5-12 2-30 — — 1-80 810 7-60 1-20 0-51 0-95 1-32 I -go 1-94 0-49 4-27 1-72 — — 1-40 8-50 8-40 0-65 0-57 1-25 I-S6 2-os 2-10 0-53 — 2-05 — — 1-88 81S — 0-45 — — 1-25 1-84 1-89 0-46 3 -go 1-62 — — — I0-2O lo-oo 070 0-56 1-30 175 2-34 2-40 0-5S S'35 2-25 — — 2-IS 7-20 7-00 0-58 036 I-OO 1-30 1-72 1-76 0-43 3-90 I -60 — — 1-13 7-05 6-95 0-40 0-43 1-20 1-23 1-86 1-89 0-45 3-8s 163 " "~ 135 526 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I- D c sic s Date 1 S Sex 11 a*-' -•a ^ c 3 .. M , « tn Um 01 « > ll-l S-2 li E.S 1926 13 July 881 Male 14-85 2-55 2-79 2-89 5-92 0-71 3-82 0-76 4-35 13 .. 882 Female 14-80 2-65 2-85 2-98 0-69 4-10 0-80 4-70 14 ■> 88-! Female 1 6-45 2-85 3-23 S-35 — — 0-75 5-00 14 .. !!+ Female 15-20 2-52 2-79 2-86 5-9° 0-70 4-00 0-80 4-75 14 .. 887 Male 15-60 2-75 — 3-10 6-30 0-79 3-90 0-76 4-90 25 ., 891 Male 12-30 2-22 — 2-42 5-00 — 0-60 -3-83 25 „ 892 Male 17-40 3-15 3-50 3-60 7-20 0-88 4-40 0-90 5-20 25 ,. 893 Male 16-88 3-06 3-42 3-47 6-97 0-80 4-48 0-92 4-92 26 ,, 897 Male 1540 2-38 2-65 2-73 5-85 0-70 0-84 26 ,, 898 Male 20-70 4-10 — 4-45 8-70 1-05 4-90 0-98 6-15 27 .. 899 Female 15-85 2-82 — 3-20 6-45 0-79 4-04 0-85 4-80 27 ,. 902 Male 14-85 2-34 2-68 2-71 5 -90 0-71 3-80 0-75 4-45 27 ,. 903 Female 15-25 2-78 3-03 3-12 6-35 °-75 4-00 0-80 4-65 3 Aug. gio Male 13-38 2-48 — 072 4-07 3 .. 912 Female 17-10 3-35 3-60 3-78 7-17 0-77 4-05 085 465 3 ,. 913 Female 16-10 2-85 3-09 3-15 6-39 0-81 3-90 0-80 4-63 3 .. 914 Male 15-78 2-65 2-88 2-97 6-35 0-79 0-80 4-80 6 „ 916 Female 17-75 3-18 3-55 3-68 7-3° 0-83 — 0-82 5-75 6 „ 917 Female 14-52 2-80 2-90 3-03 6-06 0-73 3-75 0-78 4-35 7 „ 922 Female 14-65 2-45 2-80 2-85 5-85 0-70 0-79 4-10 7 » 924 Male 16-20 2-80 3-15 3-22 6-45 0-79 4-00 0-86 4-80 1 1 >> 933 Female 15-80 2-97 3-33 6-85 0-81 3-85 0-76 4-85 12 ,, 934 Male 15-80 — — 3-5° 7-00 0-79 — 0-81 4-60 12 ,, 935 Male 14-40 2-78 2-85 2-98 5-55 0-70 3-69 0-71 4-10 13 ., 940 Male 15-43 2-58 2-85 2-97 6-07 0-76 3-94 079 4-77 13 .. 941 Female 14-70 2-55 2-73 2-80 5-72 0-68 3-80 0-79 4-50 15 .. 946 Female 14-25 2-57 2-94 0-70 — 0-73 4-28 •5 „ 948 Female 16-80 2-04 3-20 3-33 6-75 o-Si 4-30 0-91 5-00 15 .. 949 Female 20-70 4-00 4-45 4-53 8-74 0-99 4-88 I -00 5-84 15 .. 950 Male 20-80 3-85 4-22 4-32 8-53 1-05 4-90 1-07 600 16 „ 954 Female 15-35 — — 3-05 — — — 0-77 4-45 16 ,, 955 Male 20-22 3-88 4-°3 4-34 8-40 0-95 4-80 1-07 5-74 17 ,. 957 Male 14-20 2-50 2-70 2-76 5-77 0-71 3-65 0-75 4-20 17 .. 959 Male 14-90 2-40 2-60 2-75 5-75 0-73 3-90 0-81 4-55 iS „ 960 Female 15-60 2-90 3-22 3-25 6-35 0-80 4-75 19 >. 962 Male 14-55 2-48 2-82 2-82 5-97 0-75 — 0-78 4-40 19 „ 963 Female 16-78 3-10 3-40 3-45 6-77 0-76 4-45 0-86 5-05 19 .. 966 Male 17-90 3-35 3-68 3-80 7-48 0-89 4-40 0-83 5-10 20 969 Male 15-65 — — 2-90 — — 0-84 — 20 ,, 970 Male 15-20 2-75 — 3-19 6-20 4-15 0-83 5-00 20 „ 972 Male 20-90 3-80 4-20 4-36 — 1-03 5-20 1-05 5-85 20 „ 973 Male 14-10 2-45 2-72 2-81 5-65 0-66 3-45 0-78 4-iS 20 ,, 975 Male 18-00 3-40 3-65 3-80 7-50 0-96 4-50 o-go 5-15 20 ,, 977 Male 14-00 2-45 2-60 2-70 5-40 0-69 3-70 0-76 4-30 21 ,, 978 Male 14-45 2-58 — 2-83 5-85 — — 0-77 4-50 21 ,, 979 Female 15-47 2-60 2-80 2-94 5-95 0-73 4-00 0-81 4-75 21 ,, 980 Female 15-75 2-75 — 3-14 6-27 0-75 3-91 0-79 4-65 21 ,, 982 Male 14-45 2-42 2-59 2-72 5-60 0-74 3-88 0-80 4-44 21 ,, 983 Female 15-67 2-79 3-04 3-<7 6-30 0-75 3-87 0-S8 4-60 22 ,, 986 Male '9-95 4-08 4-30 4-42 — 0-98 4-45 I -00 5-40 23 ,. 987 Male 15-55 2-65 2-95 2-95 6-05 — — 0-87 4-80 23 » 988 Male 16-05 2-87 3-10 3-22 6-26 0-69 3-90 0-77 4-45 23 ,. 989 Female 14-60 2-53 2-73 2-85 5-86 0-76 3-90 0-79 4-62 23 .. 990 Female i6-2o 2-86 3-21 3-32 6-62 0-78 4-18 0-81 4-75 23 „ 992 Male 16-70 2-98 3-23 3-33 6-77 0-80 4-34 0-89 490 24 .. 999 Male 13-35 2-43 2-50 2-58 5 -40 0-66 3-35 0-71 4-03 24 ., 1000 Male 15-50 2-65 2-90 3-00 6-20 0-77 4-20 0-85 4-35 24 „ lOOI Male 15-10 2-88 3-10 3-25 6-55 0-71 4-15 0-80 4-80 24 .. 1002 Male 14-65 2-30 2-65 2-75 5-7° 0-72 365 0-83 24 .. 1003 Male 18-15 ~ 4-25 4-50 4-64 7-40 0-84 4-40 0-90 5-35 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 527 1 1 1 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 rt •a 3 II Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres > C c c" "a t « 2 1 .s- fcT a .& fa Fhpper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border t M u .S"5 fa's ■i% ■0 4) ^ en u OJ V to CO S Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla Flipper, tip to hea of humerus 0. c yio 7-20 IIO 0-34 o-8o I-S6 1-62 0-41 3-40 I 60 — — 1-13 7-20 7-00 0-40 0-30 0-65 — — — — — — — — 1-30 7-80 — 0-42 — — I-3I 1-85 1-87 0-42 — — — — — 7-50 7-30 050 0-41 090 1-09 1-85 1-88 0-39 — — — — 1-20 7-60 — 0-38 I-IO I-2S 1-70 1-72 0-40 — — — — — 640 — 0-50 — — 1-05 1-42 1-45 035 3-00 1-26 — — — 8-30 800 1-32 042 I -07 1-40 1-87 1-92 0-47 4-32 I-8I — — 1-44 7-75 7-6s 1-28 0-46 I 00 1-40 1-75 178 0-44 4-12 — — — 1-50 7-35 — — — I-I7 1-65 1-74 0-41 3-5° 1-40 — — — lO-OO 9-50 1-45 0-S5 I 30 1-70 2-20 2-35 — — — ~~ ~~ 760 7-40 0-47 0-38 0-78 1-26 1-67 1-71 0-42 3-92 1-70 — — 1-42 7-40 6-95 1-22 0-34 o-6o 1-32 1-65 1-68 0-41 3-35 I -48 — — I-IO 7-85 7-25 0-47 0-57 115 1-25 — — — — — — — 1-38 6-37 074 — — 1-05 1-56 1-62 0-41 3-iS 1-40 3-08 — — 7-80 7-S5 0-50 0-42 IIO 1-48 — — — 4-50 1-75 — — 1-45 — 7-43 0-45 039 IIO 1-31 1-68 1-77 0-42 4-00 1-55 — — 1-30 7-50 0-70 °-35 — 1-30 1-70 1-78 0-44 3-70 '11. — — — 8-05 — 0-30 0-37 0-78 1-32 1-88 1-90 0-45 4-48 1-68 — — — 7-IO 6-70 0-4S 0-37 o-8o 1-24 1-72 1-75 0-39 3-70 1-55 — — 1-25 710 — 0-40 0-33 — 1-16 I'SS 1-62 038 3-45 1-45 — 8-00 7'57 1-20 0-44 I-oo 1-23 — — — — — — — 1-25 7-40 0-30 0-30 I-oo 1-45 1-82 1-87 0-45 — — — — — 7-15 — — — 1-40 1-94 2-00 0-50 4-25 — — — — 6-70 0-85 0-31 ogo 1-25 165 1-73 0-43 — — — — 1-25 7-3° 7-10 I 20 0-35 0-95 1-20 1-57 1-62 0-42 3-60 1-60 — — 1-18 7-30 7-00 0-40 0-39 0-80 I -20 I-S8 1-60 0-39 — — — 1-32 6-85 0-29 — — — — — — — — — — — 800 7-65 0-43 0-40 0-80 1-30 2-10 2-19 0-45 4-03 1-76 — — 138 9-15 8-85 0-79 0-43 1-20 1-70 2-30 2-37 0-56 5-50 2-18 — — 1-85 975 945 1-64 0-50 1-40 165 ^ ~ ~ "~ 1-78 7-IO — — — — 1-52 1-74 1-76 — 3-75 1-52 — — — 9-00 8-70 1-23 0-4S I-3S 1-67 2-20 2-26 0-58 — — — — 1-72 6-75 6-25 i-io 0-41 0-70 i-i8 1-53 1-57 0-38 3-40 1-57 — — 1-35 7-07 7-00 IIO 0-35 0-75 1-24 1-64 1-67 0-41 — — — — 1-20 7-30 — — 0-30 0-75 115 1-66 1-73 0-42 — — — — — 690 — 058 — — 1-22 1-62 1-65 0-42 2-52 1-55 — — — 800 7-80 0-50 044 0-85 1-30 1-80 1-85 0-44 4-07 1-74 — — 1-32 8-75 8-25 1-40 0-39 0-95 1-55 2-03 3" 0-52 4-62 1-84 — — 1-50 760 1-20 1-60 1-64 0-42 3-85 1-50 — — — 790 7'49 i-io 0-39 1-05 — 1-65 1-70 0-41 — — — — 1-40 9'00 9-22 1-50 0-S9 I -73 — — — — — — — — 1-65 6-75 6-6o IIO 0-3S I-oo 1-07 1-60 1-64 0-41 3-40 'V — — 1-35 8-is 8-os I 20 051 1-35 1-39 1-95 2-03 — 4-65 1-80 — — 1-50 6-50 090 0-40 0-98 I -OS 1-42 1-45 0-39 — — — — 1-20 7-05 — — 1-13 1-64 1-66 043 3-SO 1-53 — — — 7-65 7-15 0-4S 036 0-80 1-30 1-64 1-67 0-42 — — — — 1-31 7-55 7-00 049 039 0-80 i-i8 1-62 1-66 0-44 3-75 1-70 — — 1-23 7'25 6-8o i-oo 049 0-90 1-25 1-49 1-54 0-43 2-38 1-57 — — 1-46 7-3° 7-IO 0-47 0-38 080 1-20 1-64 1-68 0-42 — — — — 123 1-60 g-oo 8-55 1-45 0-55 1-40 — — — — — — 7-45 o-8o — — I -20 1-74 1-76 0-43 3-67 1-65 — — — 6-90 6-70 090 0-4S 0-90 1-17 1-68 1-74 0-42 3-90 I-5S — — 1-40 7-05 6-90 0-43 0-32 0-98 1-16 1-61 1-64 0-44 3-58 1-62 — — 1-38 7-35 7-00 0-40 039 I-oo 1-40 1-74 1-79 0-46 4-03 1-70 — — 1-40 1-28 7-85 7-55 I-3S 0-36 0-75 1-26 — — — — — — — 640 6-27 097 0-33 0-90 I -02 1-50 1-60 0-37 3-20 1-32 — — I-oo 7-6s 7-40 i-oo 0-40 I-I5 1-30 1-85 1-90 0-42 — — — — 1-20 7-45 116 0-38 1-05 1-35 1-90 1-95 0-42 3-85 i-ss — — 1-30 7-3° — 0-42 I-oo 1-22 1-70 1-76 0-41 — — — 8-50 810 1-27 0-S4 I-IO 1-45 2-0O 2-04 0-47 1-35 528 DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 9 10 05 a, "0 3 3 9- 3 >. ,0. 3 ■t-> C in 0£,P ■"Is 3 3 Date Sex oj .1^ is « a <^ tn S^. i V '^a a s -g'So 3 trt f/, S rt 3 W 1— 1 -M Cfl H3 .S-c H loo g 1926 24 Aug. 1004 Male 20-45 _ 4-27 4-65 9-06 1-05 4-95 1-07 0-82 0-86 0-76 S-80 25 ,, 1005 Male 17-70 — 3-20 3-50 3-68 7-35 0-84 — 5-30 2S 1009 Female 16-28 — 3-00 3-20 3-43 6-85 0-77 4-25 4-90 26 ;; lOII Male I4"30 — — — 2-80 — — — — 26 „ IOI4 Female 17-05 — 3-32 3-50 3-55 7-15 0-82 — o-gi 0-82 4-80 26 „ IOI5 Male 15-85 — 2-87 3-10 3-33 6 40 0-77 3-85 4-34 27 ,, I02I Male i4'95 — 2-60 2-83 6-00 — — 0-75 4-90 27 „ 1024 Male 19-60 — 4-00 4-07 4-20 8-45 0-96 4-70 I -04 5-60 27 ,, 1025 Female 1 5 -go — 2-80 2-95 3-12 6-35 0-73 4-40 0-76 5-05 28 „ 1028 Male 15-50 — 2-60 2-86 2-98 6-23 — 0-79 4-88 28 „ 1030 Male 19-00 3-65 3-90 4-00 7-go 0-98 4-80 0-8S 5-35 28 „ 1032 Male 16-10 — 2-80 3-05 3 -20 6-55 o-8o 4-15 0-91 4-90 28 „ 1033 Male 20-90 — 4-1S 4-35 4-62 8-95 0-96 5-20 1-03 0-S5 0-85 0-81 0-76 0-88 5-80 28 „ 103s Male 15-75 — 2-90 3-13 3-26 6-47 0-76 3-85 4-55 29 » 1037 Female 15-80 — 2-80 3-08 3-10 6-20 °1l — 4-95 29 „ 1038 Female 17-20 — 3-30 3-55 3-70 7-30 0-86 4-27 4-93 29 ,, 1039 Female 14-60 — 2-42 2-64 2-73 5-70 0-74 3-85 4-35 29 ,, 1040 Male 16-80 — 3-13 3-38 3-47 6-93 0-90 4-10 4-80 30 „ 1042 Male 20-15 — 3-75 4-06 423 8-30 I-OI 4-90 0-95 0-85 5-70 31 .. 1043 Female 16-70 — 2-95 3-20 3-24 6-45 0-83 5-05 31 „ 1044 Female 15-85 2-88 3-04 3-16 6-83 0-74 4-05 0-88 0-80 0-80 0-98 0-98 4-80 2 Sept. 105 I Male 14-85 — — — — 5 -70 — — 490 2 ,, 1053 Female 14-40 — 2-36 2-53 2-67 5-55 0-67 3-75 4-33 3 IDS'; Female 2I-20 — 4-30 4-54 4-73 9-00 I-OI 5-10 5-75 4 >' 1058 Male 20-20 — 4-00 4-23 4-28 8-45 0-99 — 5-50 4 „ 14 .. 14 .. 15 ,, 1059 Male 20-17 — 4-00 4-28 4-43 — 0-93 4-98 0-99 5-50 1080 Male 16-00 — 2-78 2-98 3-04 6-16 0-74 4-10 0-80 4-80 1082 Male 15-25 — 2-65 2-80 2-98 5-95 0-70 3-73 °'lt 4-47 1083 Male 17-70 — 3-35 3-70 3-73 7-48 0-86 — 0-88 5-40 IS >. 1084 Male 20-45 — 2-85 4-10 4-24 8-55 1-03 4-75 1-03 5-60 15 „ 10S6 Female 20-25 — 4-05 4-40 4-48 8-40 0-92 4-77 0-98 0-82 0-83 0-76 0-87 5-50 17 „ 1087 Male 14-71 — — — 2-55 — — — 4-65 17 ,, 1089 Male 17-00 — 3-10 3-28 3-44 6-8o o-8o 4-17 5-05 17 ,, 1090 Male 14-45 — 2-60 2-92 2-96 5-55 — — 4-S0 4-78 17 ,, 1091 Female 15-95 — 2-82 3-03 3-20 6-35 0-71 3-88 17 „ 1092 Female 16-35 — 3-i8 3-35 3-48 6-80 0-81 3-95 0-93 4-79 17 ,, 1093 Female 15-30 — 2-68 2-89 2-98 596 0-72 4-00 0-73 4-72 5-68 17 ,, 1094 Male 2 1 -20 — 4-04 4-20 4-42 8-70 1-03 5-10 I-OI 0-78 0-67 18 „ 1096 Male 13-90 — 2-25 2-49 2-6o 5-28 0-66 3-46 4-12 18 „ 1097 Female 12-75 — 2-01 2-33 2-36 4-80 0-61 3-49 3 -go 20 ,, 1 102 Male 16-50 2-96 3-20 3-38 6-70 0-72 — 0-75 4-75 21 ,, 1 103 Female 15-20 — 2-60 2-95 6-IO — — 0-82 4-45 21 ,, 1105 Male 15-25 — 2-45 2-77 2-90 6-05 0-72 3-90 0-77 4-50 21 ,, 1 106 Female 15-05 — 2-71 2-89 2-98 6-06 0-78 3-90 0-77 4-68 21 ,, 1 108 Male 14-80 — 2-76 3-00 3-10 6-is 0-72 3-58 0-74 4-18 22 iiii Male 20-35 — 3-87 4-00 4-17 8-20 I-OI 5-00 0-9S 5-75 22 ,, 1114 Female 15-25 — 2-88 3-07 3-17 6-20 0-80 3-73 0-77 4-62 22 HIS Female 17-90 — 3-40 3-70 3-85 7-60 0-89 4-47 0-84 o-8i 5-10 24 i! 24 >. 1118 Male 14-05 — 2-35 2-50 2-6o 5-45 0-66 — 4-30 1 120 Female 14-80 — 2-35 2-60 2-69 5-70 0-75 3-80 0-83 4-60 25 „ 1 127 Female 21-25 4-07 4-32 4-56 8-70 1-08 5-40 I -00 5-90 26 „ 1130 Male 19-20 — 3-40 3-70 3-84 7-70 0-92 4-78 0-95 5-45 26 „ 1132 Male 21-75 — 4-20 4-77 9-20 0-98 5-30 1-13 6-10 26 „ '133 Male ZI-20 — 4-23 — 4-64 8-95 1-04 5-10 0-96 5-60 26 „ 1134 Male 14-25 — 2-55 2-70 2-77 5-68 0-75 — 0-77 0-85 4-15 26 „ "35 Female 17-45 — 3-35 3-55 3-67 7-20 0-85 4-40 S-30 26 „ 1136 Male 20-15 — 3-90 — 4-30 — i-oo 4-90 0-90 5-55 27 ,, 1 140 Male 14-65 — 2-2S 2-70 2-70 5-60 0-69 — 0-76 0-83 4-40 27 „ 1 144 Female 16-65 — 3-IO 3-45 3-50 — o-So 4-00 480 28 „ 1 146 Male 19-60 " 3-98 4-15 4-34 8-00 0-98 0-93 S-45 MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 529 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ^ T3 3 11 Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres Dorsal fin, vertical height J2 C C s .s* E Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border .11 •o.e- xS ^'^ 4) CC CO V V OD — -j: en S Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla CO l> Xi a 3 C3 ^1 9-50 9-10 i-SO 0-52 1-3° 1-58 _ _ _ 2-00 8-30 — — — — 1-37 1-95 1-98 0-48 4-45 1-84 — 7-85 7-70 0-50 0-43 I -co 1-40 1-90 1-95 0-49 4-18 2-80 — 1-45 6-95 — — — 1-08 1-54 1-62 — 3-40 1-30 — — 7-5° — 0-45 — — 1-45 — — — 4-37 1-65 — — 7-3° 6-90 I 00 0-39 I-IO 1-12 1-67 1-71 0-40 3-92 i-SO — 1-35 690 — 0-50 0-38 i-oo 1-20 1-65 1-67 — 350 1-45 — — 890 8-6o 1-42 0-51 I -05 I -80 — — — 5-00 2-27 — 1-59 790 7-70 0-55 0-32 o-8o 1-27 1-78 1-81 0-43 3-74 1-64 — 1-25 7-3° — 0-39 o-8o — 1-77 1-85 0-44 370 1-63 — 8-90 8-6o 1-30 0-46 1-40 1-60 2-IO 2-18 0-54 4-85 1-98 — 1-77 7-80 7-50 1-25 0-44 o-8o 1-37 1-87 1-92 0-48 3-88 1-83 — 1-25 960 9-20 1-70 0-63 1-30 1-70 — — 5-5° 2-14 — 1-67 7-30 7-05 1-23 0-48 090 1-35 1-70 I -75 0-44 3-98 1-65 — 1-34 7-50 0-35 — — 1-34 1-70 1-75 0-41 3-80 i-6i — — 800 7-70 0-57 0-43 0-90 1-43 1-99 2-02 0-49 4-48 1-86 — 1-52 7-00 6-65 0-45 0-37 070 1-28 — — — — — 1-33 7-8s 7-70 1-33 0-39 i-oo 1-30 — — — — — 1-53 9-10 8-75 I -50 0-42 I -20 1-70 — — — — — 1-77 7-80 0-43 0-37 0-73 1-30 1-80 1-87 0-43 4-00 1-71 — 7-60 7-35 0-50 0-38 I-oo 1-20 1-84 1-91 0-42 3-86 1-54 — — 1-28 7-6s — 0-75 — — — — — 3-36 1-65 — — 6-90 665 0-47 0-42 0-85 I-I4 1-65 1-73 0-38 — — 1-25 1-78 93° 900 0-65 0-45 I-oo 1-75 2-32 2-40 0-60 563 2-40 — 9 00 — 118 062 I-oo 1-60 2-20 2-28 0-57 S-io 2-35 — — 8-65 8-25 1-55 — 1-24 1-65 2-30 2-36 5-25 2-14 — 1-75 7-60 7-45 0-75 0-36 0-75 1-22 1-57 1-63 0-41 — — — 1-24 7-IO 7-00 1-22 0-42 0-95 I-I3 i-6i 1-67 039 — — — 1-35 8-20 — o-8o 0-45 0-80 1-45 — — 0-50 4-45 1-90 — il's 9-30 910 1-70 0-56 1-20 1-70 2-25 2-30 o-6o 515 — — 8-90 8-6o 0-65 0-S5 1-30 I -56 2-09 2-13 0-56 — — — 1-75 7-00 — — — — 1-31 1-77 1-81 0-43 3-21 1-56 — 8-IO 790 1-30 0-37 0-85 1-25 — — — — — 1-35 685 — — — — 1-12 1-47 1-51 0-37 — — — — 7-55 7-30 0-37 0-36 I-oo 1-37 1-76 1-79 0-45 3-87 1-62 — 1-32 7-45 7-25 0-41 0-44 0-90 1-37 1-79 1-82 — — — — 1-47 7-30 7-IO 0-38 0-30 c-80 i-i8 1-63 1-69 0-38 — — — 1-28 9-60 9-45 1-72 0-51 0-90 1-48 — — 5-36 2-20 — 154 6-57 6-40 I -08 0-33 0-65 I-IO 1-65 1-70 0-38 319 1-40 — 1-20 6-25 6-40 0-42 0-32 0-70 I-oo 1-59 1-62 0-35 — — — ^ I -OS 7-60 7-70 I -20 0-38 0-80 1-34 1-90 1-96 — — — — — — 7-00 0-35 — — 1-17 1-61 1-65 0-43 3-68 1-53 — 7-i8 7-00 I 00 0-41 0-80 1-21 1-62 1-66 0-40 3-57 1-51 — 1-36 7-20 6-90 0-42 0-45 I-oo 1-36 1-94 2-00 040 3-72 1-49 — I-3S 660 6-45 i-i8 041 0-90 1-18 1-80 1-86 0-42 — — — i'3i 9-26 890 1-55 0-S7 IIO 1-44 1-95 1-96 0-55 5-04 2-04 — 1-63 7-25 7-00 0-46 0-52 I-oo I-I5 1-47 1-56 0-38 3-90 1-60 — 1-38 810 7-80 0-50 0-38 I-oo 1-38 1-98 2-IO 0-46 4-6s 1-94 — 1-57 6-75 — — 0-38 o-8o 1-08 1-55 i-6i 0-37 3-19 I-SO — 7-25 7-25 0-40 0-39 0-9S 1-18 1-61 1-70 0-41 — — — ~ I-I5 960 920 065 0-5S I-IO 1-60 2-17 2-21 0-62 5-46 236 — 1-87 9 00 8-65 150 0-42 i-iS 1-46 1-72 1-76 0-49 — 1-60 1-60 1-80 990 955 1-58 0-50 I-I5 I -80 2-50 2-34 0-66 — — — 9-45 gio 1-15 0-47 IIO 1-75 2-29 2-34 0-64 5-6s 2-20 — 680 — 116 0-36 0-60 i-iS 1-40 1-49 0-38 — — 8-45 8-10 0-40 0-47 1-20 1-45 1-92 1-97 o-si — — I-SO 8-95 8-6o 1-55 0-38 1-37 2-20 2-26 0-58 — — 1-70 7-00 — — 0-43 1-05 1-22 1-55 1-58 0-40 — — 7-55 7-45 0-45 0-37 0-90 1-37 1-79 1-86 0-46 — — 1-45 8-95 ~ ^ " ~ ^ ~ ~ " 35 53° DISCOVERY REPORTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D 's'.s- Q. I rt Date 2 Sex 4) a*' -•a a « to <4- 3 >, 4> m 3 C u en V u 0) 0^ 3 0=; <; X ca 3 ^ "Si 9-c c 2 S 3 V, 2 ^ H3 y^ H h'^ w Z^-S fe.S zi 1926 28 Sept. 1 148 Male 1680 — 3-14 3-35 3-43 6-8o 0-83 4-25 0-85 4-90 28 „ 1149 Male 15-95 — 2-80 3-15 3-28 — 0-76 4-00 0-77 4-70 3 Oct. 1163 Female 15-40 — 2-75 2-83 2-92 6-05 0-74 4-10 0-81 4-75 3 .. 1165 Female i8-8o — 3-45 3-8s 3-90 7-80 0-93 4-66 0-94 5-40 7 „ "75 Male 19-60 — 419 4-40 — 0-97 4-65 0-90 5-50 8 „ 1180 Male 14-90 — 2-40 2-6o 2-68 5-55 0-70 — 0-81 4-40 9 „ 1184 Female 16-70 — 2-90 3-20 3-26 6-60 0-82 — o-go 5-00 9 ,. 1 187 Female 13-55 — 2-20 2-48 2-57 5-39 0-66 3-48 0-68 4-05 9 >. 1 188 Male 15-00 — 2-75 3-00 3-10 6-15 0-74 3-75 °-75 — 1 1 >> 1 189 Male 19-35 — 3-60 — 4-13 I -02 4-45 I -00 5-45 II ,, 1 190 Male 21-70 — 4-00 — 4-30 — 0-98 5-00 0-90 6-05 II ,, II 92 Male 20-70 — 4-10 — 4-48 890 1-05 4-70 I -00 5-70 1 1 1 193 Male 15-25 — 2-47 2-65 275 5-95 0-77 3-95 0-85 4-75 South Georgia IS Nov. 1 194 Male 20-25 — 3-90 — 4-20 — 1-03 — 1-04 610 IS ., 1 197 Male 21-30 — 3-89 4-34 4-52 9-24 1-04 4-75 1-03 5-S9 15 „ 1 198 Male 21-33 — 4-65 s-45 4-85 g-67 — 1-08 5-73 16 „ 1 199 Male 19-60 — 3-75 4-05 4'2I 8-33 0-94 — 0-90 5 -02 17 „ 1203 Female 20-70 — 4-26 — 4-50 9-31 — — 1-03 5-95 18 „ 1210 Female 21-80 — 4-44 482 4-88 — — 0-98 6-00 18 „ 1211 Male 20-30 — 3-90 — 4-37 8-30 1-03 5-00 I -00 560 22 I, 1221 Female 22-40 — 4-25 — 4-65 — 1-05 — 0-95 6-40 22 ,, 1224 Female 22-35 — 4-40 — 4-85 9-65 — i-oo 6 00 26 „ 1231 Male 20-96 — 4-12 4-28 4-37 8-76 1-05 4-86 I-IO 6-20 29 ,. 1235 Female 22-48 — 4-05 — 5-13 9-50 I-IO — I-I2 6-47 10 Dec. 1270 Male 22-50 — 3-85 4-1 1 4-25 8-30 0-91 5-11 0-96 5-8i 13 .. 1286 Male 20-24 — 3-88 4-27 — 1-02 4-87 I-OO 5-69 16 „ 1292 Female 22-03 — 4-21 4-71 4-71 925 I-IO — 0-95 5-91 20 „ 1297 Female 22-75 — 4-00 4-60 4-70 8-80 1-03 — 1-02 5-60 1927 4 Jan. 1338 Female 21-80 — 4-55 4-62 4-77 925 I -OS 5-07 1-09 600 9 ., 1354 Female 21-85 — 4-30 4-60 4-65 — I -OS — I-IO 6-40 9 ,■ I3S7 Female 21-70 — 4-40 — 4-90 9-20 1-08 — i-oo 5-65 9 „ 1358 Male 20-20 — 4-05 — 4-57 8-61 — — 1-05 5-62 10 „ 1365 Female 21-40 — 4-20 — 4-80 9-25 1-02 5-30 I-oo 6-00 10 „ 1369 Female 2I-00 — 4-10 — 4-55 8-45 I -00 — I -OS 5-80 1 1 >, 1370 Female 22-45 — 4-70 — 5-20 10-00 1-08 — I-IS 6-10 1 1 .. 1371 Male 23-60 — 4-60 — 5-05 10-10 1-06 — 1-05 6-15 II ,, 1372 Male 18-90 — 3-55 3-88 4-00 7-95 0-89 — 0-85 5-15 15 „ 1377 Male 20-20 — — — — — — — — ~ IS „ 1381 Female 23-35 — — — — — — — — — 17 „ 1391 Male 21-05 — — — — — — — — — 18 „ 1392 Male Ig-60 — — — — — — — — — 18 „ 1393 Male 20-05 — — — — — — — — 18 „ 1394 Female 20-60 — — — — — — — — — 19 „ 1398 Male 19-30 — — — — — — — — — 19 ,. 1399 Female 2I-IO — — — — — — — — — 19 „ 1400 Female 2i-8o — — — — — — — — — 19 „ 1401 Female 22-00 — — — — — — — — — 21 ,, 1404 Female 21-40 — — — — — — — — 22 „ 1413 Female 20-40 — — — — — — — — — 22 ,, 1414 Female 21-10 — — — — — — — — 22 ,, 1415 Male 17-40 — — — — — — — — 22 „ 1416 Female 22-05 — — — — — — — — 26 „ 1433 Female 17-30 — — — — — — — — 27 „ 143s Male 19-60 — — — — — — — — 30 „ 1451 Male 18-30 — — — — — — — — 30 ., 1452 Female 21-80 — — — — — — — — 7 Feb. 1456 Female 19-50 — — — — — — — — 14 .. 1469 Male 16-00 " ~ MEASUREMENTS OF FIN WHALES 531 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 U-i C3 T3 3 s 11 Notch of flukes to end of system of ventral grooves Anus to reproduc- tive aperture, centres Dorsal fin, vertica' height to 1 c t ° S .£• s. .s- fa Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border ■M to u rt « a'bi "o t .S-c S- ll-i s-g fa.S ° ? 1927 IS Feb. 1474 Male 21-30 — — — 4-3° — — — — 600 IS ,. 1475 Female 22-8o — — — 4-87 — — — — 6-40 17 .. 1476 Male 17-00 — — — 3-42 — — — — 4-97 21 1485 Female 23-40 — — — 5-27 — — — — 6-58 22 ,, 1487 Male 19-40 — — — 3-15 6-40 0-95 4-80 — 5-40 22 „ 1488 Male 21-70 — — — 4-55 7-25* 1-08 5-00 — 5-95 22 ,, 1489 Male 19-80 — — — 3-5° 6-55 0-90 4-75 — 555 22 „ 1490 Female 22-40 — — — 4-65 7-45 1-05 5-50 — 6-25 24 „ 1498 Female 20-50 — — — 4-40 6-80 0-95 4-95 — 5 90 24 " 1500 Male 20-00 — — — 4-45 7-00 1-03 4-70 5-70 24 .. 1501 Female 17-60 — — — 3-35 5-45 0-81 4-90 — 5-10 25 .. 1502 Female 21-20 — — — 4-58 7-20 1-08 — 5-95 25 -. 1505 Female 22-IO — — — 4-94 7-60 i-io — — 6-40 2S „ 1506 Female 18-30 — — — 3-70 5-90 0-94 4-60 — 5-25 26 „ 1510 Male 20-30 — — — 4-25 6-75 0-90 4-83 — S-30 26 „ 1511 Male 17-10 — — — 3-67 S-85 0-85 4-20 — 4-70 27 ,. 1513 Female 20-40 — — — 4-20 6-50 — 5-13 — 5-72 27 .. 1515 Female 17-55 — — — 3-72 5-90 0-88 4-53 — 5-20 27 .. 1516 Female 22-85 — — — 4-95 7-40 1-20 5-15 — 6-30 27 .. 1519 Female 14-10 — — — 2-36 4-07 0-67 3-95 0-73 4-52 28 „ 1521 Female 20-80 — — — 4-3° 5-80 — 5-05 — 6-10 28 „ 1522 Female 15-85 — — — 2-85 4-50 0-80 4-15 — 4-80 I March 1527 Female 20-I0 — — — 4-33 6-65 1-05 4-90 — 5-55 I a fi) c c a tip to end of rder length rve of rder 60 ■o.e- si V 1 Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla V x ^3 o £ Z 3 Notch of end of s> ventral g Anus to 1 tive apen centres Dorsal fi height u V 0. .2" fa Flipper, anterior ' lower bo Flipper, along cu: lower bo T3 . 3 C C3 ■0 •3 Sex (U .1^ w « c M aj « c ^ en C c c a a a, g Flipper, tip to anterior end of lower border Flipper, length along curve of lower border s & uT D.-S .e-5 -o'.S- u -7- 1-. >« M t Skull length, con- dyle to tip of premaxilla S 2 qj b a 3 X. 2'- mp^i; Fig. I A". -J. M. phot. Fig. 2 N. A. M. pilot. Fig- 3 SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES .\\ J. M. phot. PLATE XXX Fig. I. Blue whale, ?, No. 244. Ventral view. Typical arrangement of white flecks on the ventral grooves. Note the swollen condition of the mammary glands. Cf. Plate XXXV, fig. 3. Fig. 2. Blue whale, Q Z t -iT. ^ijr. PLATE XXXII Fig. I. Fin whale, ?, No. 865. Right side of head. Note the sharp distinction between the dark and hght baleen plates, the unpigmented lower jaw and the unpigmented part of the upper jaw opposite the white baleen plates. Fig. 2. The same whale. Left side of head. Here the baleen plates are all dark and the upper and lower jaws are both pigmented. Note the thin pale streak running back from the very small aperture of the ear. DISCOVERY REPORTS, VOL. I PLATE XXXII A.J. M. phot. Fig. I N.A.M. phot. Fig. 2 SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES PLATE XXXIII Fig. I. Fin whale, ;>. F. G. W. del. SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES PLATE XLIII Blue Whales Chart showing the lengths and date of capture of all Blue whales ex- ammed. Males in red, females in black. DISCOVERY REPORTS, VOL. I PLATE XLIII 27. 26- 25. 24. 23i 22 21- 20- 19- 18- 17- • • • • • •• • 1925 FEB. 27- 26- > 25- 24- 23- 22- 21- 20- 19- 18- 17- 16- 15- - • •• .• I OCT. 27- 26- 25- 24. 23- 22- 21- 20- 19- 18- 17- 16. 15- c« 14' OS 13' H I 28-1 ^26- W25- <24- S23- ■^22- 20- '^'9- 0,8- MAR. APR. NOV. DEC. ■•• • • 1:: • •J • V . :^ . .V. ^ . : JAN. FEB. MAR. : • • \ ^ • • • • , ... V • • • • ... •• % , • .»;> •• . • .J./ .\ . 7 • • • •. • • . • • • • 1926 JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. 1926 MAY • • • ± NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. 1927 SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES PLATE XLIV Fin Whales Chart showing the lengths and date of capture of all Fin whales ex- amined. Males in red, females in black. DISCOVERY REPORTS, VOL. I PLATE XLIV 24- 23- 22- 21- 20- 19- 18- 17- 16- '5- 14. 13' 24- 23- 22- 21- 20- 19- 18- 16 15- 14- 13- 12- 22 21- 20- 19- iS- 17- 16- 15- 14- 13' 12- W Di H W24. ^23- Z22- ij 20 K'9- u,i7- C'4- Z w 13- 12- 1925 OCT. L NOV. • •• . ::<..•• * V. • ••• • •• • •• t» .• •-* . • • .2' • s: •• . • ;•• '-* •. • •» .r • : • .• • • •••••• • FEB. MAR. :\ \y APR. MA\J DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. t • •• •• • . •• • JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. 1926 OCT. 1926 • • •tt ^ y • • • • • • • • % NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. 1927 SOUTHERN BLUE AND FIN WHALES 39i+8 U86 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WALTER LEWIS MA AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS